plants that kill and heal

Question 1

scientific name of calabar bean

Answer 1

physostigma venenosum

Question 2

part used of calabar bean

Answer 2

bean

Question 3

bioactive compound of calabar bean

Answer 3

physostigmine (indole alkaloid)

Question 4

what is the mode of action of physostigmine

Answer 4

inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase => causes prolonged and exaggerated effects of Ach

Question 5

which nerves are stimulated by physostigmine?

Answer 5

all of the parasympathetic nerves: contraction of the pupils, bronchi, intestinal smooth muscle

Question 6

physostigmine is a …..

Answer 6

PARASYMPATHOMIMETIC

Question 7

physostigmine is a … agent

Answer 7

cholinergic (mimics acetylcholine of inhibits acetylcholinesterase)

Question 8

physostigmine is a … drug

Answer 8

miotic

Question 9

how does physostigmine act as a miotic drug?

Answer 9

in constricts/contracts the sphincter muscle of the iris => PARAsympathetic system

Question 10

the ability of physostigmine to contract the pupil led to its use to treat ….

Answer 10

glaucoma

Question 11

scientific name of deadly nightshade

Answer 11

atropa belladonna

Question 12

part used of deadly nightshade

Answer 12

foliage and berries

Question 13

bioactive compound of deadly nightshade

Answer 13

atropine (trepan alkaloid)

Question 14

atropine is a …….

Answer 14

PARASYMPATHOLYTIC

Question 15

atropine is an …… agent

Answer 15

anticholinergic agent

Question 16

atropine is a …. drug

Answer 16

mydriatic

Question 17

how does atropine act as a mydriatic drug?

Answer 17

it constricts the radial muscles of the iris OR relaxes the sphincter muscles => dilated pupils SYMPATHETIC simulation

Question 18

atropine is a ……. blocking agent

Answer 18

muscarinic cholinergic blocking agent -> inhibits the effects of acetylcholine on muscarinic receptors

Question 19

which nerves does atropine inhibit?

Answer 19

all parasympathetic nerves: dilate spupils, bronchi, intestinal smooth muscle

Question 20

scientific name of castor bean

Answer 20

ricinus communis

Question 21

part used of castor bean

Answer 21

bean

Question 22

bioactive compound of castor bean

Answer 22

ricin

Question 23

mechanism of action of ricin

Answer 23

inhibits protein synthesis by specifically and irreversibly inactivating RIBOSOMES

Question 24

what kind of protein is ricin?

Answer 24

a ribosome inhibiting protein (RIP)

Question 25

what are the 2 types of Ribosome Inhibiting Proteins?

Answer 25

- type 1: wheat and barley (not poisonous) | - type 2: castor bean (most potent cytotoxic agents in nature)

Question 26

to which type of RIP does ricin fall in?

Answer 26

heterodimeric type 2

Question 27

mode of action of type 2 RIPs

Answer 27

- beta chain binds to terminal galactose on cell surface receptors => whole toxin is endocytosed - toxin reaches Golgi complex and exploits RETROGRADE transport to translocate to ER

Question 28

humectant + example

Answer 28

``` it retains moisture by preventing water loss through the outer layer of the skin ricinoleic acid (MUFA) ```

Question 29

scientific name of rosary pea

Answer 29

abrus precatorius

Question 30

part used of rosary pea

Answer 30

bean

Question 31

bioactive compound of rosary pea

Answer 31

abrin (lectin)

Question 32

what are lectins?

Answer 32

carbohydrate binding proteins that are toxic and ubiquitous in nature

Question 33

what are the 2 forms of lectins?

Answer 33

1. prolamine (toxic lectins that serve as storage proteins e.g. gluten) - contain high contents of AA proline 2. agglutinin (class of lectins that induce clumping of red blood cells e.g. ricin; wheat germ agglutinin)

Question 34

which proteases digest gluten?

Answer 34

gliadin and glutenin

Question 35

.... can cross the gut barrier and activate both the innate and the adaptive immune system

Answer 35

gliadins

Question 36

gliadins signals .... release from enterocytes that can loosen tight junction

Answer 36

ZONULIN

Question 37

what is zonulin?

Answer 37

a protein that modulates the permeability of tight junctions between cells of the wall of the digestive tract

Question 38

which agglutinin is the best studied?

Answer 38

wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)

Question 39

mode of action of wheat germ agglutinin

Answer 39

WGA binds directly to 2 sugars found on cell membrane: N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylneuraminic acid

Question 40

to which receptor do wheat germ agglutinin bind to?

Answer 40

epidermal growth factor EGF receptor

Question 41

what happened when WGA binds to epidermal growth factor receptor

Answer 41

causes tight junctions to open | EGF also internalizes WGA into enterocytes and into the blood stream (lysosome or endosome)

Question 42

what re the three ways wheat germ agglutinins cause leaky gut?

Answer 42

1. binding with epidermal growth factor receptor 2. endocytosis through lysosome or endosome 3. direct interaction with membrane carbohydrates

Question 43

WGA is able to pass through the ....... through which process?

Answer 43

blood brain barrier through a process called ADSORPTIVE ENDOCYTOSIS

Question 44

WGA can bind to .... and is capable of inhibiting .....

Answer 44

myelin sheaths | nerve growth factor

Question 45

scientific name of curare

Answer 45

chondrodendron tomentosum

Question 46

part used of curare

Answer 46

bark/woody stem

Question 47

bioactive compound of curare

Answer 47

tubocurarine (alkaloid)

Question 48

mechanism of action of tubocurarine

Answer 48

blocks the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor nAChR at the neuromuscular junction

Question 49

tubocurarine is a .... of Ach

Answer 49

competitive antagonist of Ach

Question 50

what is the antidote for curare poisoning?

Answer 50

an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor such as physostigmine

Question 51

what is curare used for in modern medicine?

Answer 51

to relax muscle attached to broken bones to make them easier to set

Question 52

scientific name of foxglove

Answer 52

digitalis purpurea

Question 53

part used of foxglove

Answer 53

leaves

Question 54

bioactive compound of foxglove

Answer 54

digoxin (cardiac glycoside)

Question 55

mechanism of action of digitalis/digoxin

Answer 55

digoxin inhibits the sodium potassium ATPase in the myocardium - decrease in heart rate and increase in stroke volume

Question 56

scientific name of Wolf's bane/aconite

Answer 56

aconitum spp.

Question 57

part used of aconite

Answer 57

roots and tubers especially

Question 58

bioactive compound of aconite

Answer 58

aconitine

Question 59

mechanism of action of aconitine

Answer 59

interact with voltage-gates sodium ion channels (potentiates contractions)

Question 60

parasympathomimetic

Answer 60

sometimes called a cholinomimetic drug or cholinergic receptor stimulating agent, is a substance that stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system. These chemicals are also called cholinergic drugs because acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter used by the PSNS

Question 61

parasympatholytic

Answer 61

is an agent that blocks the action of the parasympathetic nervous system; anticholinergic