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Bio 2040 > Plants & The Conquest Of Land > Flashcards

Plants & The Conquest Of Land Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

kingdom plantae

A

-multicellular eukaryotic organism composed of cells having plastids
-primarily live on land
-evolved from green algae

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2
Q

Plants Ancestry

A

-originated from photosynthetic protist
-modern plants are closest to green algae
-algae have several traits similar to plants \

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3
Q

plasmodesmata

A

-intercellular pores connecting adjacent plant cells

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4
Q

distinctive features of land plants

A

-3 dimensional tissues ( avoid water loss)
-able to grow large bodies
-tissues and organs with special functions

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5
Q

alternation of generations

A

-when 2 types of multicellular bodies alternate in time
-the diploid sporophyte produces spores by meiosis
-the haploid gametes produces gametes by mitosis

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6
Q

maternal tissue

A

-protects sporophyte embryo
-allows land plants to produce many more spores or zygote that do algae

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7
Q

bryophytes

A

-includes liverworts, hornworts, and mosses
-relatively small
-common and diverse in moist habitats
-reproductive features such as alternation of generations, multicellular embryos, and tough walled spores

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8
Q

seedless vascular plants

A

-includes lycophytes and pteridophytes
-possess vascular tissue
-tissues that move water and nutrients to give structural support
-lack seeds

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9
Q

stems

A

-produce leaves and sporangia
-contains transport tissues

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10
Q

roots

A

-specialized for the of water and minerals from the soil

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11
Q

leaves

A

-photosynthetic functions

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12
Q

ways that plants keep water

A

-waxy cuticle
-cutin
-stoma

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13
Q

waxy cuticle

A

-on leaves
-prevents desiccation (removal of moisture)

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14
Q

cutin fount in cuticle

A

-helps block pathogens

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15
Q

stoma

A

-pores that open and close to allow gas exchange while minimizing water loss

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16
Q

gymnosperms

A

-includes cycads, ginko, and conifers
-reproduce using both spores and seeds
-seed plant
-seeds protect and provide energy for the young sporophyte

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17
Q

angiosperm

A

-presence of flowers and endosperm
-flowers enhance seed production and seed dispersal

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18
Q

endosperm

A

-nutritive seed tissue with increased storage efficiency

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19
Q

coal age forest

A

-layers of dead plant tissue eventually forming coal

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20
Q

multicellular diploid sporophyte

A

-allows a single land plant to disperse widely
-uses meiosis to make many haploid spores
-each spore has the potential to grow into a gamete

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21
Q

haploid dominant life cycle of algae

A

-the plant makes a egg which is fertilized by a sperm
-it will go through meiosis which will make spores making new plants
-after fertilization it is diploid until it becomes a spore again

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22
Q

Alternation of generations

A

-the plant which holds eggs is fertilized\
-the fertilized egg goes through mitosis and a new multicellular diploid id born
-the plant goes through meiosis to create spores

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23
Q

Gametophytes

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A

-their role is to produce haploid gametes
-protects developing gametes from drying out

24
Q

antheridia

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A

-spherical or elongate gametangia producing sperm

25
archegonia
-flask shaped gametangia enclosing an egg
26
matrotrophy
-when zygotes remain sheltered and fed withing gametophyte tissue
27
sporangia
-enclosures that mature spores produce to protect themselves
28
sporopollen
-the tough material in plant spore cell walls that helps prevent cellular damage
29
plant embryos
-young sporophytes that develop from zygotes -multicellular and diploid -retained in maternal tissue -depends on organic and mineral materials supplied by mother plant -placental transfer tissue
30
lexophiles or megaphylls
the simplest most ancient leaves produced by lycophytes
31
ovule
-sporangium with single spore and a very small egg
32
microsporangia produce...
small microspores that give rise to male gametophytes (pollen grains)
33
Megasporangia produce...
large megaspores that give rise to female gametophytes that produce eggs
34
pollination
-the process by which pollen comes in contact with ovules -typically occurs by means of wind or animal transport -after pollination the pollen will germinate producing sperm -fertilization cannot occur until after pollination
35
double fertilization
-one sperm fertilized egg to become embryo -other sperm fuses with different gametophyte tissue to form endosperm and hardens -this creates a seed
36
seeds
-huge advantage -can remain dormant in soil until favorable conditions -can store food -sperm can reach egg without water
37
first seed plants
-gymnosperms and angiosperms
38
gymnosperms
-exposed / "naked" seeds -woody shrubs and trees
39
wood
-strengthens plants -helps plant cope with weather changes -strengthened by tissue called lignin -transport of water through plant
40
cycads
-300 species today -tropical and subtropical areas -palm like leaves
41
features of cycads
-coralloid roots -produce toxins to deter herbivorous animals -distinctive reproduction
42
coralloid roots
-roots above ground resemble corals -harbor cyanobacteria for nitrogen fixation
43
reproduction of cycads
-conelike structures bearing ovules and seeds or pollen -cones emit odors that attract beetles - beetles carry pollen ovules
44
Ginko Biloba
-nearly extinct in the wild -individual trees produce wither ovules and seeds or pollen -can live more than 1000 years and grow up to 30 meters high
45
conifers
-named for seed cone -common in mountain and high latitude forests
46
conifer reproduction
-simple pollen cones -more complex ovule bearing cones -mature pollen is released in the wind
47
Conifer seeds
-some seed coats have wings for wind dispersal -other seeds are brightly colored and fleshy
48
conifer leaves
-cold climate adaptations -conical shape and flexible branches -scale like or needle leaves -thick waxy cuticle -most are evergreens
49
advantages of angiosperms
-flowers and fruits -enclosed seeds -seed endosperm
50
flowers
-complex reproductive structures -4 types of organs (sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels) -also contains the pistil (stigma, style ovary)
51
sepals
-green outer layer of the flower
52
petals
-often colorful
53
stamen
-produce pollen
54
carpels
-produce ovules
55
stigma
-receives and recognizes pollen -only appropriate pollen will be allowed to germinate
56
style
-elongate middle portion
57
ovary
-lowermost portion that encloses and protects ovules -pollen tube delivers sperm to ovule -ovaries develop into fruits

Bio 2040 (3 decks)

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