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Bio 2040 > The Invertebrates > Flashcards

The Invertebrates Flashcards

(96 cards)

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1
Q

ctenophores

A

-comb jellies
-all marine
-not true jellyfish
-8 rows of cilia are used to move
-2 sticky tentacles without stinging cells
-1st complete gut

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2
Q

complete gut

A

-includes mouth, gastrovascular cavity and2 anal glands
-allows digestion of bigger pieces

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3
Q

porifera

A

-the sponges
-name means pore bearers
-lack true tissues
-no symmetry
-adults are sessile and larvae free swimming

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4
Q

spongocoel

A

-central cavity of the sponge
-water is drawn in through pores, filtered, then into spongocoel, then out the osculum

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5
Q

osculum

A

-hole at top of the sponge
-water leaves through this

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6
Q

choanocytes

A

-line the spongocoel
-trap and eat small particles and plankton

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7
Q

mesohyl

A

-between the choanocytes and the epidermis of the sponge

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8
Q

amoebocytes

A

-absorb food from choanocytes, digest it, and carries the nutrients to other cells

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9
Q

spicules

A

-skeletal fibers or spongin for support in sponges
-some species produce defensive chemicals

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10
Q

sexual reproduction of sponges

A

-most are hermaphrodites producing both eggs and sperm
-sperm is released in water to fertilize eggs in mesophyll of nearby sponges

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11
Q

asexual reproduction of sponges

A

-small fragment may detach and form a new sponge

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12
Q

cnidarian

A

-jellyfish and other radially symmetric organisms
-jellyfish, hydra, sea anemones, and corals

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13
Q

cnidaria body forms (2)

A

sessile polyp and motile medusa

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14
Q

sessile polyp

A

-tubular body with tentacles
-opening that serves as mouth and anus
-bottom is attached to substrate

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15
Q

motile medusa

A

-umbrella shaped body
-mouth on underside surrounded by tentacles
-have ocelli that are light sensitive

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16
Q

4 cnidarian classes

A

hydrozoa, scyphozoan, Anthozoa, cubozoan

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17
Q

hydrozoa

A

-blue bottle, hydra, some corals
-marine
-polyp stage

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18
Q

scyphozoan

A

-jellyfish
-marine
-medusa stage dominant and large

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19
Q

anthozoa

A

-sea anemones, sea fans, most corals
-marine
-polyp stage dominant

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20
Q

cubozoa

A

-box jellyfish
-marine
-medusa stage dominant
-box shaped

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21
Q

cnidocytes

A

-stinging cell
-contain nematocytes

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22
Q

stinging cells

A

-function in defense or prey capture
-hairlike trigger (called cnidocil)

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23
Q

Lophotrochozoa

A

-invertebrate clade
-lophophore means crown of ciliated tentacles
-bryozoans, brachiopods, mollusks, annelids
-trochophore larval stage

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24
Q

bryozoans

A

-phylum of simple aquatic invertebrates
-live in sedentary colonies
-use lophophore to filter feed

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25
brachiopods
-hard valves on upper and lower surface -front can open for feeding
26
mollusks
-2nd largest bodied phylum -soft bodied invertebrate with shell/ mantle
27
annelids
-earthworms and leeches -segmented
28
trochophore larval stage
-free swimming larva -small and translucent
29
flatworms
-in phylum Platyhelminthes -predatory lifestyle but most parasitic -bilateral symmetry -respire by diffusion -gastrovascular cavity
30
cephalization
-to form a head
31
triploblastic organisms
-3 embryonic germ layers
32
mesoderm
-allowed sophisticated organs
33
flatworm anatomy
-ectoderm (outside) -mesoderm (holds organs) -endoderm (inside)
34
Phylum Platyhelminthes
-very broad -may have ocelli -cerebral ganglia -sexual or asexual reproduction -most hermaphroditic but don't self fertilize
35
ocelli
-light sensitive eyespots
36
cerebral ganglia
-cluster of nerves around head area which does processing
37
Flatworm classes
-Turbellaria (planarians) -monogenean (fish flukes) -cestode (tapeworms) -Trematoda (flukes)
38
The Cestode Life cycle
-often requires 2 different vertebrates to begin life cycle -continues to grow and switch hosts until it starts again
39
Phylum rotifera
-named for ciliated crown used to catch food -mostly freshwater and microscopic -sperate mouth and anus -pedal glands to stick to surface
40
pathogenetic reproduction
-rotifers use this -unfertilized diploid eggs develop into females -mitosis doesn't complete and diploid is retained
41
Phylum Mollusca
-snails, clams, octopuses, chitons -mostly marine
42
Mollusk anatomy
-soft body often with shell -foot used for movement -visceral mass contains organs -mantle secretes shell -gills
43
radula
-mollusks have these -unique tongue like organ that crape bacteria and small organs off of surfaces
44
4 classes of molluska
-bivalve (2 shell) -chitons (8 shelled) -gastropods( snails and slugs) (stomach footed) -cephalopods( octopuses, squids) (head footed)
45
class Cephalopoda
-fast swimming marine predators -beaklike jaw surrounded by arms -foot modified into muscular siphon -blue blood and ink
46
Phylum Annelid
-earthworms, leeches, marine worms, and tube worms -rings of segmentation
47
Annelid groups
-errantia (predators, eyes, brightly colored, burrow) -tube worms (marine, filter feeder) -earthworms (burrow in soil) -leeches (freshwater, parasites)
48
Ectozoan
-cuticle for protection -internal fertilization
49
phylum nematoda
-roundworms -in nearly all habitats -tough collagen cuticle covers body -has pseudocoelom (hydrostatic skeleton and circulatory system) -large number are parasites
50
Phylum Arthropoda
-live in all biomes because of unique body plans -exoskeleton of chitin and protein -water resistant
51
Arthropod body plan
-segmented with joints -sensory organs -eyes and sophisticated brain -open circulatory system
52
Arthropod subphyla
-Chelicerata (spiders, scorpions, mites) -Myriapoda (millipede and centipedes) -hexapod (beetles, butterflies, fleas,) -Crustacea (crabs, lobsters, shrimp)
53
Subphylum Chelicerate
-3 living classes -Arachnida (spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites) -Merostomata (horseshoe crabs) -Pycnogonida (sea spiders)
54
Spiders
-fangs (chelicerae) with venom -produce silk to catch prey
55
subphylum Myriapoda
-class Diplopoda (millipedes) -class Chilipoda (centipedes)
56
subphylum hexapoda
-insects -wings are crucial to success -internal fertilization - metamorphosis (complete and incomplete)
57
complete metamorphasis
-4 stages -most common -adults don't compete for resources with young
58
incomplete metamorphasis
-3 stages -young resemble miniature adults
59
Subphylum Crustacea
-crabs, lobsters, barnacles, and shrimp -marine, freshwater, and terrestrial -2 pairs on antennae -mandible, maxilla, and maxillipeds -walking legs and swimmerets
60
Deuterostomia
-includes echinoderms and chordates
61
Deuterostomia language breakdown
-deuter means second -stoma means small opening
62
Echinodermata language breakdown
-echin means prickle -derma means skin
63
Phylum Echinodermata
-radial symmetry -simple nervous system -endoskeleton covered in spines -tube feet -external fertilization
64
Phylum Chordata anatomy
-notochord (spine) -dorsal hollow nerve (nerve) -pharyngeal slits (gills) -postanal tail (movement)
65
Phylum Chordata language breakdown
-cephalo means brain or head -chora means site
66
subphylum cephalochordate
-lancelets -marine filter feeders -have all 4 chordate characteristics -gas exchange across body surface -sessile but can leave burrow and swim
67
tunicates
-rudimentary circulatory system -simple nervous system -sea squirts
68
Subphylum Urochordata
-tunicates (animals encased in tunic0 -adults sessile with pharyngeal slits -filter feeders with 2 siphons
69
Vertebrates
-also known as chordates with a backbone -cranium -endoskeleton of cartilage or bone -diversity of internal organs
70
The main clades of vertebrates
-cyclostomata -Chondrichthyes -Actinopterygii -Sarcopterygii -Amphibia
71
cyclostomata- Vertebrate
- hagfish and lampreys -jawless and eel like -lack eyes and rudimentary vertebrate -
72
gnathostomes- Vertebrate
-fish -jawed vertebrates -fins and gills
73
chondrichyes- Vertebrate
-sharks, skates, and rays -cartilaginous fish -denser than water so use fins and large oil finned liver -2 chambered heart -teeth not set in jaw -lateral line for pressure wave detection -internal fertilization
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oviparous
-lays eggs
75
ovoparious
-eggs retained in female no placenta
76
viviparous
-eggs develop in uterus, placenta nourish young
77
Osteichyes
-includes all vertebrates with bony skeleton -includes bony fish like the Actinopterygii and Sarcopterygii -scale covered skin with operculum over gills -swim bladder -external fertilization
78
Actinopterygii
-ray finned fish -lfns support by thin bony flexible rays -include lionfish, moray eels, and sea dragons
79
Sarcopterygii
-lobe finned fish -fish supported by skeletal extensions of the pectoral
80
Tetrapods
-sturdy lobe fishes became animals with 4 limbs -transition animal from water to land (amphibians)
81
amphibians
-lungs for a semiterrestrial lifestyle -buccal pumping forces air into lungs -3 chambered heart -external fertilization -larvae are aquatic
82
amphibian orders
-anura (frogs and toads) -Apoda (caecilians, blind burrowers) -urodele (salamanders, colorful, toxic)
83
reptiles are broken into 3 groups
-testitudes (turtles) -squamata (snake) -crocidilia (crocidiles and alligators)
84
Amniotes
-tetrapod's with a desiccation resistant egg -can breathe through skin -thoracic breathing -kidneys conserve water
85
desiccation resistant egg
-allows animals to lay eggs on dry land -holds moisture in egg with shell
86
desiccation resistant egg anatomy (outside to center)
-shell (pores allow water and air in, protection) -albium (reservoir of water and proteins) -chorion (gas exchange) -allantois (holds wastes of embryo) -yolk sac (nutrients for embryo) -amnion (protects embryo in amniotic cavity) -embryo (grows)
87
reptiles
-birds are considered reptile lineage -includes turtles, crocodilians, and snakes
88
Testudines
-turtles -protective shell -vertebrate and ribs fused to shell -sharp beak -eggs laid on land
89
squamata
-lizards and snakes -carnivorous -kinetic skull
90
crocidillia
-teeth in sockets -4 chambered heart -care for young -closest relative to bird
91
Aves
-birds -feathers for warmth and flight -air sacs for breathing -single ovary, no bladder, no teeth -hollow bones -large sternum
92
mammals
-milk producing amniotes -range in body forms and sizes -hair -specialized teeth -large skull and brain -4 groups (protheria, theria, metatharia, eutheria)
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Prototheria- mammals
-mammals that lay eggs such as the platypus
94
theria- mammals
-marsupials such as kangaroos and koalas
95
metatheria- mammals
-oppossum -closer to marsupials than placentals -mostly in australia
96
eutheria- mammals
-all mammals -placental -long gestation period

Bio 2040 (3 decks)

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