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Haematology Sahils questions > Plasma > Flashcards

Plasma Flashcards

1
Q

What is serum?

A

Plasma minus the clotting factors- takes longer to prepare

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2
Q

What is plasma?

A

liquid component of blood that holds blood cells of whole blood in suspension

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3
Q

What are the functions of plasma?

A

Clotting
Immune defence
Osmotic pressure
Metabolism
Endocrine
Excretion

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4
Q

What type of drug can be used to stop the blood from clotting?

A

Anticoagulant

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5
Q

What 2 components do serum separator tubes have and what is the function?

A

Silica coating to induce clotting
Gel layer to form physical barrier between cells and serum

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6
Q

What separates the red cells from the plasma after the addition of an anticoagulant and centrifugation

A

Buffy coat

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7
Q

What is apheresis?

A

When blood of donor is collected and passed through centrifuge to separate particular cellular components

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8
Q

How is serum generated

A

Letting blood clot for several minutes (less coagulation factors and trapping cells and platelets within clot)

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9
Q

What is a buffy coat made out of?

A

Leukocytes and platelets

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10
Q

What are the differences between plasma and serum samples

A

Plasma faster to prepare
Serum cleaner

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11
Q

Name the 4 fluid compartments in humans

A

Intracellular (55%)
Interstitial (36%)
Blood Plasma (7%)
Transcellular (2%)

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12
Q

Where is interstitial fluid found?

A

Outside of cells- lymph drains

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13
Q

Why does interstitial fluid play an important role?

A

Carrying oxygen and nutrients to cells and acts as a vehicle for removal of cellular waste products

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14
Q

How is interstitial fluid drained and what is it known as when it is drained?

A

Through lymphatic vessels
Known as lymph

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15
Q

What do transcellular fluids include?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid
Occular Fluids

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16
Q

What is the most abundant plasma protein?

A

Albumin

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17
Q

Where is serum albumin produced?

A

Liver

18
Q

What are the functions of serum albumin?

A

Transport of lipids, hormones & ions
Maintaining osmotic pressure of plasma
Transport of fatty acids released from adipose tissue lipolysis around body for tissues to use in beta oxidation

19
Q

What is A1AT

A

Alpha 1 Antitrypsin

20
Q

Where is A1AT produced?

A

Liver

21
Q

What does A1AT do?

A

It inhibits the action of proteases such as those released by neutrophils

22
Q

What do neutrophils release during inflammation?

A

Neutrophil elastase?

23
Q

What is the effect of defective A1AT to the lungs?

A

Neutrophil elastase not inhibited by A1AT.
Damages tissue of the lungs causing loss of elasticity and respiratory problems

24
Q

What is the function of Alpha 2 macroglobulin

A

Broadly active protease inhibitor which inactivates fibrinolysis

25
Q

What is the function of Haptoglobin (Alpha-2)

A

Binds to Hb released from erythrocytes and spleen removes the complex

26
Q

What can be used to diagnose haemolytic anaemia?

A

Haptoglobin measurement

27
Q

Give examples of beta globulins

A

C3
C4
Transferrin

28
Q

What is the role of transferrin?

A

Transportation of iron

29
Q

Where is transferrin generated?

A

Liver

30
Q

What are the 2 main gamma globulins?

A

Immunoglobulins
C-Reactive Protein

31
Q

What is the most plentiful cation in plasma

A

Na +

32
Q

What balances the charge of intracellular K+

A

Extracellular Cl-
Various anions (proteins, phosphorylated proteins, nucleic acids)

33
Q

Why is there typically an increase in intracellular Ca 2+

A

Signalling events due to opening of calcium channels allowing influx from extracellular
Release of intracellular stores

34
Q

How are electrolyte gradients maintained?

A

Na+/K+ ATPase active transport

35
Q

How many Na and K+ leave or enter the cell?

A

3 Na+ out
2 K+ in

36
Q

What is the use of Mg 2+

A

Important cofactor in many enzymes

37
Q

What is the main difference between composition of plasma and interstitial fluid?

A

Plasma contains more proteins

38
Q

How can we therapise plasma?

A

Immunoglobulins can be used to transfer immunity between people
Donors are screened for high titres of IgG against pathogen which is isolated from plasma and concentrated
IV immunoglobulin G protects against common pathogens e.g MMR
Provide passive immunity to specific pathogen after high risk exposure

39
Q

How can we therapise plasma in COVID?

A

COVID patients develop antibodies against virus and after recovery, blood is donated to recover antibody-rich plasma which is tested for strength (affinity) and number of antibodies, and if levels are fine, given to other patients

40
Q

What is convalescent plasma

A

Plasma harvested from patient who has recovered from disease to be given to patient who is infected

41
Q

What does convalescent plasma contain?

A

High levels of polyclonal antibodies which recognise the pathogen

42
Q

What is convalescent plasma used for

A

Hepatitis B
Rabies
Prophylactic treatment

Haematology Sahils questions (4 decks)

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