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Haematology Sahils questions > White blood cells > Flashcards

White blood cells Flashcards

1
Q

What is the precursor to macrophages?

A

monocytes

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2
Q

Give 3 examples of granulocytes.

A

Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils

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3
Q

What do the granules in granulocytes contain?

A

Agents for killing phagocytic material

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4
Q

Where does cell division for granulocytes occur?

A

myeloblasts
promyelocytes
myelocytes

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5
Q

What is the main function of neutrophils?

A

Defence against infection by phagocytosis and killing of pathogens
Chemotaxis

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6
Q

How long do neutrophils survive in circulation before migrating to tissues?

A

7-10 hours

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7
Q

Explain how neutrophils migrate to areas of inflammation

A

Marginated in vessel lumen
Adhesion
Rolling
Diapedesis
Migration
Phagocytosis

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8
Q

Outline the super oxide dependent method of phagocytosis by neutrophil

A

Release of reactive oxygen species- respiratory birth
Providing substrate for enzyme- MPO
Producing toxic, acidic compounds

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9
Q

Outline the oxygen independent method of phagocytosis by neutrophil

A

Variety of anti-microbial compounds are released

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10
Q

What is the precursor to eosinophils

A

myeloblast

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11
Q

What is the main function of eosinophil?

A

Defence against parasitic infection
Regulation of hypersensitivity infections

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12
Q

What do the granules in basophils contain?

A

Stores of:
-heparin
-histamine
-proteolytic enzymes

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13
Q

What are the functions of basophils

A

Variety of immune and inflammatory responses
-however do not result in increased number of basophils so are rarer than the other types of granulocytes
Mediation of immediate-type hypersensitivity

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14
Q

How long do monocytes spend in circulation

A

Several days

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15
Q

What are the functions of the monocytes?

A

Phagocytosis and antigen presentation to lymphoid cells
Develop into macrophages (histiocytes)
Macrophages store and release iron

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16
Q

What do lymphoid stem cells give rise to?

A

T cells
B cells
NK cells

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17
Q

Where do B lymphocytes rise from?

A

Liver and bone marrow of the foetus.

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18
Q

What cells can NK cells kill?

A

Tumerous cells
Virus infected cells

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19
Q

What are macrophages also known as?

A

Histiocytes

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20
Q

WHat are the other names for the CD-4 and CD-8 lymphocytes

A

CD4 is T helper cells
CD8 is T killer cells or cytotoxic T cells)

21
Q

What do B lymphocytes mature into that produce antibodies?

A

Plasma cells

22
Q

What does -philia suffix mean

A

too many

23
Q

What does -cytosis suffix mean

A

too many

24
Q

What does -penia suffix mean

A

too few

25
Q

What are the consequences of leukocytosis and leukopenia

A

Changes in neutrophil count as this is the most abundant leukocyte in circulation

26
Q

What can neutrophilia be caused by? (NICE PT)

A

Neoplasms
Infection
Corticosteroids
Exercise
Pregnancy
Tissue damage

27
Q

How do neoplasms cause neutrophilia>

A

myeloproliferative disorders
Tumours produce G-CSF which skews neutrophil retention/release balance in bone marrow

28
Q

How does infection cause neutrophilia?

A

Bacterial and pyogenic (pathogen invades soft tissue causing inflammation)

29
Q

How does exercise cause neutrophilia?

A

demargination of cells from endothelial tissue
part of phagocytic and inflammatory response

30
Q

How does pregnancy cause neutrophilia?

A

psychological stress due to pregnant state

31
Q

What is left shift?

A

increase in non-segmented neutrophil or that there are neutrophil precursors (myelocytes) in the blood - sign of neutrophilia

32
Q

What is Chronic Myeloid Leukemia?

A

Increase in all granulocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow

33
Q

What causes Chronic Myeloid Leukemia

A

Translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22 (BCR from 22 fuses with ABL1 on 9 to form copy of BCR-ABL1 on both genes) occurring in single haematopoietic stem cell.
Cell has growth and survival advantage, leading to more granulocytes by cell expansion

34
Q

What are key indicators that a patient has CML

A

Enlarged spleen
BCR-ABL1 protein signals between cells surface and nucleus

35
Q

How can CML be potentially cured?

A

Can be inhibited by tyrosine kinase inhibitors as this prevents signal for cell division of haemopoietic stem cell

36
Q

What is the process of Hameotopoietic Stem Cell division?

A

Growth factor attaches to the receptor for cell division
Tyrosine Kinase carries signal to nucleus
Cell divides into 2

37
Q

What can cause neutropenia? (RAPID)

A

Radiotherpay/Chemotherapy
Autoimmune disorgers
Physiological basis (benign ethnic neutropenia)
Infection
Drugs

38
Q

What is neutrophil hypersegmentation?

A

When there are more than 5 segments in the average of neutrophil lobes or segments (right shift)

39
Q

What causes neutrophil hypersegmentation?

A

Lack of vitamin B12 and folate

40
Q

What causes eosinophilia?

A

Allergy or parasitic infection (asthma/eczema)
Leukemia

41
Q

What is a cause of basophilia?

A

Leukemia

42
Q

What are some of the causes of monocytosis?

A

Infection or chronic inflammation
Leukemia

43
Q

How can you tell there is lymphocytosis in a blood film

A

May find atypical lymphocytes (Epstein-barr virus infection)
Neutrophils have become basophiliated with granules
Cell membrane is loose and it looks like it is “hugging” surroundings

44
Q

What are the causes of a transient and then persistent lymphocytosis

A

Viral infection (transient)
Lymphoproliferative disorder (persistent)

45
Q

What is Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia

A

Lymphoproliferative disorder
Leads to squashed lymphocytes
Most common cause of persistent lymphocytosis in elderly
Characterising profile of cell surface markers expressed by lymphocytes helps determine the cause of lymphocytosis

46
Q

What is Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia>

A

Increase in very immature cells (lymphoblasts) with failure of these to develop into mature lymphocytes
Bone marrow infiltrated by lymphoblasts which then replace bone marrow cells, resulting in imparied haemopoiesis and lymphoblasts circulate in the periopheral blood
Acute conditions are sever and sudden in onset

47
Q

What are three possible treatments for ALL?

A

Supportive-RBCs, Platelets and antibiotics
Systemic chemotherapy
Intrathecal chemotherapy

48
Q

Name 4 causes of Lymphopenia

A

HIV infection
Chemotherapy
Radiotherapy
Corticosteroids

49
Q

Why is someone with ALL more susceptible to bleeding

A

Reduction in the production of platelets by the bone marrow

Haematology Sahils questions (4 decks)

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