Plasma Proteins

Question 1

Plasma constitutes ______ % of blood

Answer 1

55-60

Question 2

The normal total plasma protein concentration is around

Answer 2

6-8g/dl of blood

Question 3

Albumin concentration

Answer 3

3.5-5g/dl

Question 4

Globulins concentration

Answer 4

2-3g/dl

Question 5

Fibrinogen concentration

Answer 5

0.2-0.4g/dl

Question 6

What is used as liver function test and why

Answer 6

Estimation of serum albumin. It is used because albumin is only synthesised by liver.

Question 7

Structure of albumin

Answer 7

• single polypeptide chain
• 585 Amino acids
• 17 disulphide bonds
• M.W 69000

Question 8

Functions of albumin

Answer 8

1. Maintains colloidal osmotic pressure of plasma.
2. Transport function for free fatty acids, phospholipids, bilirubin, steroid hormones, thyroxine, metallic ions
3. Buffering action
4. Nutritional function: contributes to protein synthesis during periods of starvation.
5. Pre-albumin transports thyroid hormones.

Question 9

EP pattern in acute infections

Answer 9

Alpha 1,2 increase

Question 10

EP pattern in chronic infections

Answer 10

Gamma increase

Question 11

EP in nephrotic syndrome(proteinuria)

Answer 11

Albumin is diminished and prominent alpha 2 is seen

Question 12

When albumin excretion is increased to _____ it is called _____ or _____.

Answer 12

30-300mg/dl
Paucialbuminuria
Microalbuminuria

Question 13

Low albumin levels are seen in

Answer 13

Kwashiorkor
Liver cirrhosis
Nephrotic syndrome
Chronic inflammatory diseases

Question 14

Normal A/G ratio

Answer 14

1.2:1 to 2:1

Question 15

A/G ratio is lowered or reversed in

Answer 15

Cirrhosis of liver
Nephrotic syndrome
Multiple myeloma

Question 16

Concentration of pre-albumin

Answer 16

20-40mg/dl

Question 17

Functions of a1-antitrypsin

Answer 17

• called a1-antiproteinase
• inhibits trypsin and other serine proteases (proteolytic enzymes with serine in their active sites)
• also inhibits elastase

Question 18

Types of A1 globulins

Answer 18

A1 antitrypsin
A1 lipoprotein
A1 fetoprotein
Retinol binding protein
Thyroxine binding globulin
Cortisol binding globulin

Question 19

List of A2 globulins

Answer 19

A2 Macroglobulin (major)
Haptoglobin
Prothrombin
Ceruloplasmin
Transcobalamin

Question 20

Functions of haptoglobin

Answer 20

• binds with free haemoglobin
• prevents loss of free Hb in urine
• decreased in haemolytic anaemia

Question 21

Deficiency of prothrombin

Answer 21

• associated with vit K deficiency.

- observed in obstructive jaundice in adults.

Question 22

Functions of ceruloplasmin

Answer 22

• synthesised by liver
• involved in copper detoxification and storage
• deficiency leads to Wilson’s disease— accumulation of copper in liver and brain

Question 23

List of B globulins

Answer 23

1. B lipoproteins
2. Transferrin
3. Hemopexin
4. Plasminogen

Question 24

Functions of transferrin

Answer 24

• siderophilin

- iron binding, controls the level of free iron in biological fluids

Question 25

Functions of hemopexin

Answer 25

- synthesised by liver - highest heme binding affinity - helps in maintaining and recycling iron pool

Question 26

CRP levels rise after

Answer 26

Myocardial infarction Trauma Neoplastic proliferations

Question 27

Cell mediated immunity is involved in

Answer 27

Hypersensitivity reactions | Defence against malignant cells and viruses

Question 28

Functions of IgG

Answer 28

- 75-80% of - involved in secondary immune response. - can cross placental barriers and protect newborn from infections. - the antibodies transferred are active for 3-4 months after birth. - play a major role in Rh iso-immunisation.

Question 29

Functions of IgA

Answer 29

- occur as dimers - connected by a J chain - majorly found in colostrum - seen in seromucous secretions of GIT, nasopharyngeal tract, urinogenital tract, tears, saliva, sweat.

Question 30

Functions of IgM

Answer 30

- largest - 5 subunits are joined together. - it can combine with 5 antigens simultaneously and is therefore very effective for agglutinating bacteria. - involved in primary immune response. - natural antibodies.

Question 31

Functions of IgD

Answer 31

- has a single Y shaped unit | - mostly occurs on surface of B cells

Question 32

Functions of IgE

Answer 32

- mediate allergy, hypersensitivity, anaphylaxis | - usually bind onto mast cells and basophils.