PLASMA PROTEINS AND DISORDERS Flashcards by Iseoluwa Ojo

Plasma proteins are made up of different ______ of (similar or different?) chemical and physical structures

proteins

different

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Plasma proteins

Synthesized and secreted into plasma from the _____,_______ ,_________________

liver, plasma cells, intestinal endothelial cells

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Plasma proteins

_____ differs and so determines rate of synthesis and degradation

Half life

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Functions of plasma proteins

Transport –________,______,————

Enzymes –__________

thyroxine binding globulin, sex hormone binding globulin, transferrin

Renin

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Functions of plasma proteins

Protease inhibitors – _____________

Humoral immunity – _____________,

alpha1 antitrypsin

immunoglobulins

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Functions of plasma proteins

Maintaining oncotic pressure –_______

Buffering –_________, haemoglobin

Albumin

All proteins

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Alanine aminotransferase-

abbreviation:

Causes leading to increased levels:

ALT

liver and biliary tract disease
pancreatic disease
decompensated heart defects

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abbreviation:

Causes leading to increased levels:

AST

liver diseases myocardium damage

disease of skeletal muscle and myocardium

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alkaline phosphatase-

abbreviation:

Causes leading to increased levels:

ALP

liver and biliary tract disease bone diseases

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Creatin kinase-

abbreviation:

Causes leading to increased levels:

disease of skeletal muscle and myocardium

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Lactate dehydrogenase-

abbreviation:

Causes leading to increased levels:

Myocardium disease (LD1, LD2) and muscle disease hepatopathy

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g-glutamy ltransferasa-

abbreviation:

Causes leading to increased levels:

GMT

liver and biliary tract disease and pancreatic disease

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Causes of change in Plasma protein concentration

Increase
Decrease in _______

________ - like stasis during venipuncture

Increase _________

volume distribution

Artefactual

protein synthesis

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Causes of change in Plasma protein concentration

Decrease

Decrease ________ like in ____,____,_____

Increase in _________ like ________

Increase _____ (catabolism, excretion, enteropathy)

protein synthesis ; malnutrition, malabsorption, liver disease

volume of distribution; over hydration

loss

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Description of pathologic plasma protein states

Dysproteinnaemia – (normal or abnormal ?) total concentration with (normal or abnormal?) _____ as in ______/______ inflammation.

Normal

Abnormal ; ratio

acute/ chronic

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Description of pathologic plasma protein states

Hyperproteinaimia – increased _____________

total plasma concentration

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Description of pathologic plasma protein states

Hypoproteinaemia – Decreased _________

total plasma concetration

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Description of pathologic plasma protein states

Paraproteinaemia – presence of (normal or abnormal?) and ____eased amount of particular protein(s) often (benign or malignant?) .

Abnormal

incr

malignant

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Classification of plasma proteins
Based on electrophoretic pattern
From fastest to slowest
– ______
–_______
– ________
–__________
–________
–_______

Prealbumin

Albumin

Alpha 1 globulin
Alpha 2 globulins
Beta 1

Beta 2

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Classification of plasma proteins
alpha 1antitrypsin

Alpha 1 globulin

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Classification of plasma proteins

alpha 1 acid glycoprotein

Alpha 1 globulin

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Classification of plasma proteins

transferrin

Beta 1

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Classification of plasma proteins

LDL

Beta 1

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Classification of plasma proteins

C3 complement

Beta 2

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Classification of plasma proteins haptoglobulin

Alpha 2 globulins

Classification of plasma proteins alpha 2 macroglobulin

Alpha 2 globulins

Classification of plasma proteins ceruloplasmin

alpha 2 globulins

Prealbumin ( ________ ) A transport protein for: _____ hormones _______ (_____)

Transthyretin Thyroid Retinol (vitamin A)

Prealbumin (Transthyretin) Lower levels found in: _____ disease, nephrotic syndrome, __________ response, malnutrition

liver acute phase inflammatory

Prealbumin (Transthyretin) (Short or Long?) half-life (__ days)

Short 2 days

Albumin About ___-___ g/L in normal adult Synthesized in the ____ as ______ and secreted as _____

36 - 55 liver preproalbumin; albumin

Albumin Half-life in plasma: ____ days ____eases rapidly in injury, infection and surgery

20 Decr

Most abundant plasma protein is ???

Albumin

Albumin Functions Maintains __________ pressure

oncotic

_____% of plasma oncotic pressure is maintained by albumin

Albumin: Functions A (specific or non-specific?) carrier of hormones, calcium, free fatty acids, drugs, etc.

non-specific

albumin : Functions Tissue cells can take up albumin by ______ where it is hydrolyzed to _______

pinocytosis amino acids

Albumin is Useful in treatment of liver diseases, hemorrhage, shock and burns T/F

Hypoalbuminemia Causes – Decreased _______ – Increased _________

albumin synthesis losses of albumin

Hypoalbuminemia Causes: Increased losses of albumin -Increased ______ in infections -Excessive ______ by the kidneys ( ________ ) -Excessive loss in _______ -Severe _____ (plasma loss in the absence of _________)

catabolism excretion nephrotic syndrome bowel burns; skin barrier

Hypoalbuminemia Effects ______ due to low oncotic pressure Reduced ______ of drugs and other substances in plasma Reduced protein-bound _____

Edema transport calcium

Hypoalbuminemia Effects: Reduced protein-bound calcium Total plasma calcium level ______ Ionized calcium level _________

drops may remain normal

Hyperalbuminemia Cause: _________ Albumin _______ _______ like stasis during _______

dehydration infusion Artifactual; venipuncture

Alpha 1-Antitrypsin Synthesized by the ______ and ______ An _______ protein that inhibits ______

liver and macrophages acute-phase proteases

Proteases are produced ____genously and from ______ and _____

endo leukocytes and bacteria

Infection leads to protease release from bacteria and from leukocytes T/F

Genetic deficiency of Alpha 1-Antitrypsin This is when Synthesis of the __________ occurs in the ____ but it _______, leading to _______ in _____ and is deficient in plasma

defective alpha 1-Antitrypsin liver; cannot secrete the protein accumulation; hepatocytes

Clinical Consequences of Alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency _______ with evidence of ________ Childhood __________ ______________ in young adults

Neonatal jaundice; cholestasis liver cirrhosis Pulmonary emphysema

Alpha Fetoprotein (AFP) Synthesized in the ———- and ________ by the parenchymal cells of the _____

developing embryo and fetus liver

AFP levels _____ease gradually during intra- uterine life and reach adult levels at birth

decr

Function of AFP is _____ but it may _______ from ___________

unknown protect fetus immunologic attack by the mother

Function of AFP in adults?

No known physiological function in adults

Alpha- Fetoprotein (AFP) Elevated maternal AFP levels are associated with: ________,_______

Neural tube defect, anencephaly

Alpha - Fetoprotein (AFP) Decreased maternal AFP levels are associated with: – Increased risk of _________

Down’s syndrome

AFP is a tumor marker for: ________ and ______

Hepatoma and testicular cancer

Ceruloplasmin Synthesized by the ______ Contains >____% of serum _____

liver 90 copper

Ceruloplasmin is not Important for iron absorption from the intestine T/F

F It is

Wilson’s disease: – Due to low plasma levels of ________ – ____ is accumulated in the ______ and _____

ceruloplasmin Copper liver and brain

Haptoglobin Synthesized by the ____ Binds to _______ to form complexes that are metabolized in the ______

liver free hemoglobin RES

Haptoglobin Limits _____ losses by preventing ____ loss from kidneys

iron Hb

Plasma level of Haptoglobin decreases during _________ hemolysis

intravascular

Transferrin A major ____-transport protein in plasma ___% saturated with ___

iron 30; iron

Plasma level of Transferrin rises in Malnutrition, liver disease, inflammation, malignancy T/F

F It drops

Transferrin Iron deficiency results in decreased hepatic synthesis T/F

F Increased

Transferrin is A ____tive acute phase protein

nega

Beta 2–Microglobulin A component of ________________

human leukocyte antigen (HLA)

Beta 2–Microglobulin Present on the surface of _____ and most nucleated cells

lymphocytes

Beta 2–Microglobulin Filtered by the renal glomeruli due to its small size but most (>99%) is reabsorbed T/F

Beta 2–Microglobulin Elevated serum levels are found in Impaired ____ function Overproduction in ______

kidney disease

Beta 2–Microglobulin May be a tumor marker for: ———-,———-,———-

Leukemia, lymphomas, multiple myeloma

C-Reactive Protein (CRP) A marker for _______________ disease

ischemic heart

C-Reactive Protein (CRP) An acute-phase protein synthesized by the ______ Is Important for _______

liver phagocytosis

C-Reactive Protein (CRP) High plasma levels are found in many ________ conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis

inflammatory

Gammaglobulins Elevated levels May result from stimulation of ___ cells (______________) ________ proliferation (_________)

B; Polyclonal hypergamma globulinemia Monoclonal; Paraproteinemia

Gammaglobulins Polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia: Stimulation of ______________ produce a wide range of antibodies

many clones of B cells

Gamma-globulin band appears (small or large?) in electrophoresis

Large

Monoclonal Hypergammaglobulinemia Proliferation of a __________ produces a __________ Ig

single B-cell clone single type of

Monoclonal Hypergammaglobulinemia Appears as a __________ band (paraprotein or M band) in electrophoresis

separate dense

Monoclonal Hypergammaglobulinemia Paraproteins are characteristic of ________________ proliferation Clinical condition: _______

malignant B-cell multiple myeloma

Negative Acute Phase Proteins These proteins ____ease in inflammation – _________,______,_______

decr Albumin, prealbumin, transferrin

Negative Acute Phase Proteins Mediated by inflammatory response via cytokines and hormones Synthesis of these proteins decrease to __________ for _________

save amino acids for positive acute phase proteins

Transudates and Exudates A value of ____ or ___ g/L is often taken as the dividing line between the two types of fluid.

25 or 30

Measurement of ____________ can also be done to differentiate the fluids( transudate and exudate)

lactate dehydrogenase

_________ and _______ is quite useful in deciding cause of fluid accumulating in dead spaces

Microbiological tests and cytology

PLASMA PROTEINS AND DISORDERS Flashcards

(84 cards)