Specimen Collection Flashcards by Iseoluwa Ojo

The urine that is most conc for HCG is taken in ??

The morning

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Patient’s review comprises:

Good ______
Good _________
Performing the __________

clinical history
physical examination

right laboratory investigation

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Swabs for molecular studies such as ___________ swabs for COVID-19 detection

nasopharyngeal

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Site for venepuncture should be noted- cubital, wrist

T/F

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Venepuncture

Clean the area from ________ using the right concentration of _______

Allow the area to _____

Apply torniquet just (above or below?) the site to occlude _____ flow

Torniquet time should not be greater than _____ to avoid ______ which can affect analyte like ____

After bleeding, use ______ to stop bleeding

inside outward ; alcohol swab.

air dry

Above; venous

one minute; haemoconcentration

calcium

dry gauze

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The venepuncture can be performed using ______,________, or _____

syringe, vacutainer needle or butterfly needle

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Cautions during venepuncture

Avoid sites with scars, tattoos, oedema, haematoma, arm with intravenous cannula

T/F

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Cautions during venepuncture

Remove needle if any _____ is noted during the process

Limit your number of venous access to _______ trials. You may need to call a more senior medical personnel for assistance

If a patient demonstrates abnormal or alarming clinical scenario, call attention of physician on ground

Do not ________ or _______ blood to avoid contamination with ________

swelling

one or two

massage or milk

tissue fluid

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Heel stick

Used for ______ screening

Use (short or long?) length lancet of about ____ so as not to injure the ____ bone

Collect specimen in ________ tubes or ________ for screening or genetic studies

After specimen collection, apply ______ and _____ the foot.

Do not apply _______

newborn
Short

2 mm; calcaneous

microcollection capillary; filter paper

pressure and elevate

adhesive bandage

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Serum is the _____ portion of blood that is exuded after _____ in a plain tube.

Such Samples are collected in _____ coloured capped ______ tubes

watery

blood coagulation

gold; vacutainer

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Plasma is the non cellular component of _______ blood gotten after _____ of the whole sample

anticoagulated

centrifugation

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(Serum or Plasma?) samples can be used for most biochemistry tests in as much as contamination from ions in anticoagulants can be avoided

Plasma

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(Plasma or Serum?) samples is mostly used for running immunoassays

Serum

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Anticoagulants in Clinical pathology

Heparin
-available as _____ and ______ in ____colored capped vacutainer tubes

Heparin accelerates the action of ______ and preventing the formation of _____

lithium heparin; sodium heparin

green; antithrombin iii; fibrin

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_______ heparin is used mostly in chemistry lab tests except ____ or ____ assay

Lithium

folate or lithium

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Anticoagulants in clinical Pathology

EDTA (__________)
-Mostly used for ______ tests and for ____ studies
-Available in ——- capped vacutainer tubes

Ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid

haematology; DNA

lavender

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Anticoagulants in clinical Pathology

Sodium fluoride

Inhibits ____ enzyme in glycolysis.

It is used for collecting samples for ______ assay and available in ____ capped vacutainer tubes

enolase; glycolysis

glucose

grey

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Anticoagulants in Clinical Pathology

Oxalates (Sodium/potassium/Lithium) -

form (soluble or insoluble?) complexes with ____ ions. This is often mixed with _____ in grey capped vacutainer tubes.

Insoluble

calcium

fluoride

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Anticoagulants in Clinical pathology

Sodium iodoacetate – inhibits ______

glycolysis

Anticoagulants in Clinical pathology

Sodium Citrate

-converts ____ to ______ form

used for ______ testing.

Tubes are _____ capped vacutainer tubes

calcium

non ionized

coagulation profile

light blue

Tubes in Clinical pathology

Standard tubes in use in Chemistry labs are of 2 types

________ tubes
________ tubes

Vacutainer

Ordinary

Vacutainer tubes – These have _________ pressure and are used with ____ needles for blood collection.

negative intratubular

vacutainer

Ordinary tubes

Lithium heparin –____ coloured capped tube
EDTA –______ capped tube
Flouride oxalate –____ capped tube
Plain tube –____ capped tube

deep blue

Green

Yellow

Red

Which is more in use and why?

Vacutainer or ordinary tubes

Ordinary tubes are Much more in use because they are cheaper and readily available

Order of draw Blood sample in syringe should be dispensed into ___ tubes, ____ tubes, and then the ___ tubes. The order is as follows: ______ tubes ______ tubes ______ tubes ____ tubes ______ tube ______ sample tube

sterile; anticoagulant; serum Sterile; Coagulation study; EDTA; heparin; fluoride oxalate; serum sample

Interference can be as a result of ______ ________ _________

Haemolysis Icteria Lipaemia

Lipaemia is seen as ______ in serum or plasma due to presence of excess _____ concentration.

turbidity lipoprotein

Factors that is associated with lipaemia include ______ intake, altered _________, metabolic disorders, lipid _____

fatty food lipid metabolism infusions

Lipaemia may be visible at (plasma or serum?) triglyceride concentration above ___mg/dl

Serum 300

Lipaemic interferences can be reduced by ensuring at least ______ before sample collection, ______ of samples at speed of 10000g

12 hrs of fasting ultracentrifugation

Icteric samples result when the concentration of ______ is quite elevated.

bilirubin

Bilirubin interferes with _____ systems used for measurement of glucose, cholesterol. Triglycerides, urea and creatinine. Also, bilirubin interferes with ____ binding to albumin

peroxidase dyes

_____________ helps to reduce the effect of spectral bilirubin interferences

Running sample blank alongside

Haemolysis can be caused by -Using too _______ -Forcing _____ -__________ after blood sample collection and transport -Presence of excess _____ -Centrifuging blood sample before _______ -_______ and _____ of blood

small-bore needles blood through needle Shaking tube vigorously anticoagulant completion of clotting Freezing and thawing

Haemolysis can affect the following analytes during assay – _____,____,_____,______ _________ can help reduce the effect of sample haemolysis

potassium, phosphorus, ALT, acid phosphatase Sample blanking

Samples for bilirubin assay should be protected from light to prevent ______

Photo degradation

Uncentrifuged samples should not be frozen before separation to avoid _______ which will act as interference during assay

sample haemolysis

Anticoagulated blood samples should be centrifuged for about ___ at speed of _____ to ______ g

15 mins 2000 to 3000

Clotted whole blood should be centrifuged after 30 mins at speed of ______ for about _____

1500g 10 mins

Samples should attain ____ temperature before start of centrifuging.

room

Specimen collected should be centrifuged within ______ of collection

2 hours

Serum and plasma should be dispensed into ______ unless if collected in ________ tube.

plain tubes serum separating gel

Specimens should be stored at ___°C, If prolonged storage is required, then storage should be at ____°C. Repeated freezing and thawing should be ______

-20 -80 avoided

Urine – Random for _____, ______ ______ urine which is best for investigating Kidney/ bladder disorder Timed specimen which can be for 24hrs for ____________ assay

spot glucose; ketone bodies Midstream creatinine/ protein

Faeces- _____ detection, ____ activity, _____ estimation

occult blood tryptic faecal fat

CSF – _______,______,________ estimation Saliva – _____ studies, ____,______ Buccal smears – Essentially for ____ studies

cell count, glucose, proteins DNA; cortisol; blood group DNA