Plasmodium & Babesia Flashcards by sofia mission

What do female mosquitoes need in our blood to produce eggs?

protein

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HOW DO YOU GET MALARIA?

bite of the FEMALE Anopheles mosquito

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When the anopheles mosquito injects saliva, what do they produce?

anticoagulant = no clotting = easier obtaining of blood

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What is the infective stage to the Intermediate host (humans) of malaria?

sporozoites

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What do male mosquitoes do to survive?

suck in nectars an plant extracts

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What process do you call when a sporozoite enters the liver?

SCHIZOGONY

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After undergoing schizogony, it will rupture and produces individual parasites called

MEROZOITES

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First organ involved in malaria?

liver (TRIVIA: but there is no reported liver pathology in malaria)

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When does malaria become problematic?

When it targets the RBC

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2 rounds of schizogony

exo-erythrocytic cycle and erythrocytic cycle

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where does the exo-erythrocytic cycle happen?

liver (exo=outside—the blood)

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where does the erythrocytic cycle happen?

RBC

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what are the 3 processes happening in humans

○ Exo-erythrocytic Schizogony
○ Erythrocytic Schizogony
○ Gametogony

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what do you call the process when after so many repetitive rounds of multiplication, some of the parasite will become GAMETOCYTES

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● Once these gametocytes are inside the mosquito, what will fertilize macrogametes?

microgametes (this is SEXUAL REPRODUCTION)

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definitive host

mosquito

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intermediate host

humans

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reproduction that happens inside the mosquito where the microgametes will fertilize the macrogametes

sexual reproduction

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reproduction that happens inside humans (Exo-erythrocytic Schizogony, Erythrocytic Schizogony, and Gametogony)

asexual

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What will be produced when the fertilization in the midgut happens?

OOKINETE ( first is zygote, but it later devevopls into ookinete)

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what does an oocyst produce?

Sporozoites

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where will the sporozoites go to wait for another blood meal so that they can infect humans?

salivary glands

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What is produced by mosquitoes?

Sporozoites

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What do you call the process of sporozoite formation?

Sporogony = sexual–it happens in the definitive host

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organism which not only transports a pathogen but also plays a role in the life cycle of the pathogen

biological vector

organism which only transports a pathogen (fly)

mechanical vector

What is the difference between falciparum and the malaria life cycle?

hypnozoites ( "sleeping" forms of malaria parasites that hide in the liver.)

Return of the symptoms of malaria after apparent cure, which is due to sudden increase in what was a persistent low-level parasite population in the blood (common among falci and malariae

recrudescence

Reactivation of P. vivax HYPNOZOITES from the dormant stage of the parasite causes clinical relapses. Hypnozoites are carried silently, with no symptoms, and humans can transport the parasite to new areas

relapse

how long do Hypnozoites, which cause relapses, remain reactivated?

2 weeks to 10 months

Faith contracted Plasmodium ovale, received treatment, and recovered. Paranoid, she took precautions—repellent, long sleeves, etc. Yet months later, she was infected again, despite no mosquito bite. The culprit?

Dormant HYPNOZOITES awakening inside her

A person obtains the infection because they got bitten again True to any Plasmodium spp.

reinfection

what is the first stage that is formed in the Erythrocytic schizogony?

RING (IMMATURE TROPHOZOITE)

● If the ring will become larger; it will become a

TROPHOZOITE (MATURE)

● If the ring will become larger; it will become a TROPHOZOITE (MATURE) Then it will become multinucleated?

SCHIZONT

● It will go to series of cycle and then some parasite will form

GAMETOCYTES

a disposal product formed from the digestion of hemoglobin

HAEMOZOIN

● Free heme is toxic to cells, so the parasites convert it into an insoluble crystalline form once released from the red cell, can trigger inflammatory response

HEMOZOIN

● If the parasite will eat the hemoglobin it will break it into

HEME(toxic)-GLOBIN(protein)

dots in the RBC

stipplings

stippling of p. falciparum

MAURER'S DOT

stippling of p.vivax

schuffner's dots

stippling of p.malariae

ziemann's dots

stippling of p.ovale

james dot's

is more deadly because it infects RBCs regardless of their age

p. falciparum

infects young rbc's

ovale and vivax

infects old rbc's

malariae

infects all ages of rbc's

knowlesi & falci

the ring that is in the periphery na parang lalabas na siya sa cell.

applique appearance

● Merozoites: 8-24 ● Malarial pigment is present ● Only appears in the blood of patients with severe malaria

schizont

adhesive proteins

○ Rosettins ○ Riffins ○ Histidine-rich protein ○ Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP-1)

● Changes the red cell cytoskeleton - cell membrane become stiff - cell becomes less deformable

adhesion (mature trophozoites)

crescent or sausage shaped - banana shaped ● The chromatin is in a single mass (macrogamete) or diffuse (microgamete)

p. falciparum gametocytes

● Merozoites: 8-12 - Multinucleated ● Fimbriated red cells ● Hemozoin and hematin

schizont

● Infected red cell is larger than unaffected red cells ● Red chromatin dot ● Blue cytoplasm which may appear amoeboid ● Note: Red cells are not fimbriated but sometimes distorted. ● CLUE: Dako ang RBC and not fimbriated

p. vivax ring and troph

Ikaw Ang doctor giduulan ka sa medtech ni-ana ang medtech “doc diba doc Si falciparum Kay I don't give a falciparum so meaning the mature RBC there can contain the ring of the falciparum” This can either be malariae or falciparum. As doctors what will you do?

Diba Si falciparum ang iyang best characteristics kay multiple infections. So you must not settle in one field, check the other fields and look for multiple infections. If walang multiple infections then it assures you that it is P. malariae.

what if doc naa juy falciparum naa puy malariae

It is possible, the best thing to do is treat the patient as falciparum because s’ya ang severe. The treatment against falciparum will work against malariae.

The trophozoite is not ring looking, it is more like a box and it is called

bandform

● Everytime a person has manifestation of malaria, that person will have ● Has 3 stages: can last for 8-12 hours ○ Cold stage ○ Febrile stage (hot) ○ Profuse sweating stage

malaria paroxysms

○ First day: Cold, Febrile, Sweating ○ Second day: normal feeling ○ Third day: Cold, Febrile, Sweating again ■ The gap is 48 hours and happens in day 1-3 that's why it is called [Benign] Tertian

p. ovale/vivax

○ First day: cold, febrile, sweating ○ Second day: Normal ○ Third day: Normal ○ Fourth day: cold, febrile, sweating again ■ The gap is 72 hours and happens in 1-4 days that is why it is called benign Quartan.

p. malariae

tertian malaria?

p. vivax/ovale

● 36-48 hours gap (mas paspas; it could be as early as 36 hours and the maximum is 48 hours [tertian]).

p. falci

After the merozoites of P. malariae will enter the RBC, how long would it take for them to release the new merozoites (and become symptomatic again)?

72 hours

gap between malarial paroxysms is equivalent to the length of what cycle?

Erythrocytic schizogony

clin incubation period ○ 8-15 days ■ Shortest incubation = deadly

p. falci

clin incubation period 12-20 days

p. vivax

clin incubation period 11-16 days

p. ovale

clin incubation period 18-40 days

p. malariae

■ Because of destruction of RBCs

○ Severe normocytic anemia

■ Block ang capillaries because of adhesive proteins

○ Cerebral malaria (Stroke)

○ Acute renal failure (kidney failure)

■ High number of parasites (severe) = high energy demand (glucose = ATP) ■ Increased consumption of glucose by the parasite, madeprive ang patient ng glucose

hypoglycemia

○ The blood will be acidic ○ Parasites get the glucose = Anaerobic glycolysis = producing lactic acid

● Metabolic acidosis with respiratory distress

○ Damage to the lungs = due to the blockage of the RBC

pulmonary edema

● Originally known to cause simian malaria ● Is now recognized as the fifth human malarial parasite

p. knowlesi

sin and mulligan's stippling

p. knowlesi

● To diagnose malaria, the sample should be

blood (blood smear)

method for the detection of malaria

gold standard

smears are composed of layers of lysed red blood cells ● Blood smear is not fixed with methanol but added with buffered water to lyse the red cells

thick smear

binds deoxyribonucleic acids and ribonucleic acids

acridine orange

● First choice of treatment ○ Treatment of choice for ■ P. vivax ■ P. ovale ■ P. malariae ■ P. knowlesi ■ In uncomplicated P. falciparum

chloroquine

■ Use if the patient already has a manifestation of severe malaria (stroke, hypoglycemia) ■ Direct to the vein

IV artesunate

● For prevention of relapsing malaria of P. vivax and P. ovale

primaquine

Plasmodium & Babesia Flashcards

(85 cards)