Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Thabby cakes med and surg > Plastic Surgery > Flashcards

Plastic Surgery Flashcards

(79 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is the estimated annual figure of burn injuries?

A

2.5 million

This figure reflects the global incidence of burn injuries annually.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the annual mortality rate associated with burn injuries?

A

3500

This statistic indicates the number of deaths occurring each year due to burn injuries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What factors have contributed to improved survival rates in burn victims?

A

Improvement in resuscitation, topical antimicrobials, surgical techniques, and nutritional support

These advancements have enhanced patient outcomes in burn care.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the classifications of burn injuries based on aetiology?

A
  • Thermal
  • Chemical
  • Electrical
  • Radiation
  • Cold Injury

These categories help in understanding the cause of the burns.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What type of burn is the most common?

A

Scald

Scalds typically result from hot liquids and are prevalent in burn injuries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What determines the depth of thermal burns?

A

Temperature, duration of exposure, and liquid viscosity

These factors influence the severity of the burn.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the zone of coagulation in burn injuries?

A

Zone of coagulation = coagulative necrosis; Cell death

This area experiences the most severe damage and cell death.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What occurs in the intermediate zone of burn injuries?

A

Zone of stasis; Damage to microcirculation leading to ischemia

If untreated, this zone can progress to necrosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the systemic effects of burn injuries?

A

Affects all organ systems, including CVS, Respiratory, GIT, GUT, Immune, and Nutrition

Each system experiences specific complications due to burn injuries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the significance of fluid resuscitation in burn care?

A

Key to managing local effects and preventing necrosis

Proper fluid management is crucial for patient recovery.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the aim for urine output in children following burn injuries?

A

1 ml/kg/h

This target helps monitor kidney function and fluid status.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the Wallace rule of nines used for?

A

Determining Total Body Surface Area (TBSA) affected by burns

This rule aids in assessing the severity of burns.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What criteria warrant admission to a burn unit?

A
  • Partial thickness burns > 10% TBSA
  • Full thickness burns
  • Burns involving special areas (face, hands, perineum, joints)
  • Special burns (Chemical, Electrical, Inhalational)
  • Burns with concomitant trauma
  • Burns with preexisting comorbid medical conditions
  • Extremes of age
  • Patients requiring special social, emotional, or long-term rehab

These criteria help prioritize care for severe burn patients.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the purpose of early excision and skin grafting in burn care?

A

Increases survival, decreases length of hospital stay, reduces infection rates, and decreases risk of hypertrophic scarring

Timely intervention is critical for better outcomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the gold standard for wound closure in burn injuries?

A

Split thickness graft

This type of graft is favored due to its effectiveness in healing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the aim of burn reconstruction?

A

Improve function, comfort, and cosmesis

Aesthetic and functional outcomes are key goals in rehabilitation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the five Ps of burn reconstruction according to Potokar?

A
  • Problem
  • Priorities
  • Possibilities
  • Perceptions
  • Plan

These elements guide the reconstruction process.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the purpose of preventative therapy in scar management?

A

Prevents abnormal scarring

Early interventions can improve the appearance and function of healed scars.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the role of pressure therapy in scar management?

A

Limits blood supply and increases apoptosis

This therapy helps in reducing scar formation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What should burn rehabilitation focus on?

A
  • Correct positioning to minimize contractures
  • Correct range of motion to minimize deformity
  • Decrease edema
  • Prevent loss of lean muscle mass
  • Prevent pulmonary complications

These strategies are essential for recovery and functional outcomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is essential for accurate diagnosis of hand problems?

A

A systematic, careful physical examination

Elements include inspection, palpation, range of motion measurement, stability assessment, musculotendinous assessment, nerve assessment, and vascular assessment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

List the key elements to include in a hand examination procedure.

A
  • Inspection
  • Palpation
  • Measurement of range of motion
  • Stability assessment
  • Musculotendinous assessment
  • Nerve assessment
  • Vascular assessment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What factors should be included in the history of a hand examination?

A
  • Age
  • Hand dominance
  • Occupation
  • Hobbies
  • Chief complaint
  • Previous operations
  • Previous injuries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What signs can be observed during the inspection of the hand?
* Discoloration * Deformity * Muscular atrophy * Trophic changes * Swelling * Skin creases
26
What does palpation help identify in a hand examination?
* Abnormal skin temperature * Areas of tenderness * Crepitance * Clicking or snapping sounds * Effusion * Masses
27
What is the significance of Finkelstein's test?
It tests for De Quervain's tenosynovitis ## Footnote Includes crepitations or squeaking sounds during range of motion.
28
Define trigger finger.
Stenosing flexor tenosynovitis characterized by a painful snap or lock and a palpable nodule
29
What are Kanavel's cardinal signs associated with?
Flexor tenosynovitis, usually due to a puncture wound
30
What should be documented during range of motion assessment?
* Both passive and active ranges of motion * Comparison of the contralateral healthy limb and the affected limb
31
What factors affect active range of motion?
* Tendon excursion * Posture of the hand and fingers * Nerve function * Muscular strength
32
What indices of joint stability should be assessed?
* Tightness of ligaments around a joint * Morphology of the surface of a joint * Musculotendinous balance around a joint
33
What is the MRC power grading scale used for?
To assess muscle strength ## Footnote Scale includes grades from 0 (no contraction) to 5 (normal power).
34
What is assessed in the intrinsic muscle exam?
* Thenar muscles * Hypothenar muscles * Interosseous and lumbrical muscles
35
What should be included in a nerve assessment?
* Motor function evaluation * Sensory function evaluation * Comprehensiveness in sensibility evaluation
36
What does Allen's test evaluate?
Determines if there is an intact circulatory connection between the radial and ulnar arteries in the hand
37
What is the functional position noted by James in 1970?
Prevents joint stiffness and intrinsic contractures ## Footnote Stiffness and contractures lead to deformities and impair function.
38
What is the impact of immobilizing MCP joints in flexion?
They are safe when immobilized in flexion
39
What should be the starting point of a hand examination?
A detailed history
40
True or False: Imaging tools should not be used to correlate clinical findings.
False
41
What is the role of repeated physical examinations?
Reveal how symptoms change over time, important for assessing treatment effectiveness
42
43
What is the largest organ in the body?
Skin
44
What are the four types of open wounds?
* Laceration * Puncture * Abrasion * Avulsion * Amputation
45
What is primary intention in wound healing?
All tissues closed with suture material
46
What occurs during the inflammatory phase of wound healing?
Removal of devitalized tissues and prevention of infection
47
What are the phases of wound healing?
* Haemostasis * Inflammatory * Proliferation * Remodeling
48
What happens during haemostasis?
Vasoconstriction and formation of a platelet matrix
49
What is the main role of neutrophils in wound healing?
Remove dead tissue by phagocytosis and prevent infection
50
During which days does the proliferation phase of wound healing typically occur?
Day 4 to 21
51
What are the three cell types involved in granulation tissue?
* Fibroblasts * Macrophages * Endothelial cells
52
What characterizes the remodeling phase of wound healing?
Wound contraction and collagen remodeling
53
What is the difference between fetal and adult wound healing?
* Fetal healing is scarless * Faster collagen synthesis * Higher gene expression of MMP * More hyaluronic acid in the matrix
54
What factors can affect wound healing?
* Infection * Foreign bodies * Ischemia * Edema * Age * Malnutrition * Drugs * Smoking * Systematic conditions
55
What impact does age have on wound healing?
Decreased cell multiplication, tensile strength, and prolonged healing phases
56
True or False: Increased bacterial counts inhibit wound healing.
True
57
What effect does smoking have on wound healing?
Decreases proliferation of erythrocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts
58
What is the role of steroids in wound healing?
Inhibitory effect on macrophages and fibroblasts, leading to decreased healing
59
What does the acronym TIME stand for in wound bed preparation?
* T – Removal of devitalized tissue * I - Control of infection * M – Maintenance of moisture * E – Epidermal margin advancement
60
What is the classification of wounds based on color?
* Black * Yellow * Red
61
What is the first step in managing a black wound?
Remove eschar and devitalized tissue
62
What is a hypertrophic scar?
A scar that is confined to the original injury site and resolves spontaneously
63
What are the two types of excessive scar formation?
* Hypertrophic scarring * Keloid formation
64
What is V.A.C therapy?
Use of subatmospheric pressure dressings to convert open wounds to closed controlled wounds
65
What is the primary benefit of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy?
Increases tissue oxygen tension to enhance healing
66
What is the mechanism of low energy laser therapy in wound healing?
Stimulates physiological processes and increases cellular activity
67
What is the primary function of growth factors in wound healing?
Promote cell proliferation and migration
68
What is the thermal effect on cell membranes?
Causes changes in cell membrane permeability, increases cellular recruitment, collagen synthesis, tensile strength, angiogenesis, wound contraction, fibrinolysis, and stimulates fibroblast and macrophage production ## Footnote This highlights the multifaceted role of thermal effects in wound healing processes.
69
What are growth factors?
Agents that promote cell proliferation and induce migration of cells ## Footnote Growth factors are crucial in various biological processes, particularly in healing and tissue regeneration.
70
What is Regranex?
The only growth factor approved by the FDA, a recombinant platelet-derived growth factor ## Footnote Regranex is used to enhance wound healing in specific chronic wound types.
71
In what types of wounds does Regranex increase the rate of healing?
Chronic wounds, pressure ulcers, and diabetic foot wounds ## Footnote The use of Regranex can significantly improve healing outcomes in these challenging cases.
72
What is a notable risk associated with the use of Regranex?
High mortality rate when used in malignancy ## Footnote Caution is advised in the use of growth factors in patients with cancer.
73
What is bioengineered skin?
Provides living supply of growth factors, cytokines, and collagen matrix; acts as a template for wound to build on ## Footnote Bioengineered skin supports the healing process by providing essential components.
74
What is Integra?
The most commonly used bioengineered skin composed of bovine collagen and shark chondroitin-6-sulfate covered by a silicone membrane ## Footnote Integra is widely utilized for its effectiveness in complex wound healing.
75
What happens to the matrix of bioengineered skin?
It becomes vascularized ## Footnote Vascularization is critical for the integration and function of bioengineered skin in wound healing.
76
How can wounds be treated after using bioengineered skin?
The wound can then be grafted ## Footnote Grafting is a common next step after the application of bioengineered skin.
77
What was the initial use of bioengineered skin?
Initially used for burns ## Footnote This application has expanded to include other wound types over time.
78
What has the use of bioengineered skin expanded to include?
Wounds with exposed bone or tendon ## Footnote The versatility of bioengineered skin allows for treatment in more complex wound scenarios.
79
What are regenerative properties of stem cells?
Research and developments focus on the regenerative properties of stem cells ## Footnote Stem cells hold promise for future advancements in wound healing and tissue regeneration.

Thabby cakes med and surg (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions