Plate tectonics roulette questions Flashcards
(107 cards)
1
Q
Name the four plate boundaries.
A
Constructive, Conservative, Destructive, Collision
2
Q
What two types of plates are involved in the destructive plate boundary? (1)
A
Oceanic and Continental
3
Q
On the destructive plate boundary, which plate is pushed underneath?
A
Oceanic (its heavier)
4
Q
What is the correct terminology for �push underneath�?
A
Subducted
5
Q
What hazard(s) would be at a destructive plate boundary?
A
Volcanoes and earthquakes
6
Q
Provide an example for a destructive plate boundary (2 Plate names needed).
A
Nazca and South American Plates
7
Q
What two types of plates are involved in the collision plate boundary?
A
Continental and continental
8
Q
What hazard(s) would be at a collision plate boundary?
A
Easrthquakes only. No volcanoes as no magma is rising
9
Q
What feature is created at a collision plate boundary?
A
Fold Mountains
10
Q
Name an example of a feature found at a collision plate boundary.
A
Himalayas
11
Q
Provide an example for a collision plate boundary (2 Plate names needed).
A
Indian and Eurasion Plates
12
Q
What two types of plates are involved in the constructive plate boundary?
A
Oceanic and Oceanic
13
Q
What is created at a constructive plate boundary?
A
New oceanic crust
14
Q
Name a real life location where two plates are being pulled apart?
A
Mid Atlantic Ridge or Iceland
15
Q
Provide an example for a constructive plate boundary (2 Plate names needed).
A
South American and African Plates
16
Q
What hazard(s) would be at a constructive plate boundary?
A
Earthquakes and volcanoes
17
Q
Describe what is happening to the plates on a conservative plate boundary. You need to comment on two key things about their movement, which results in friction being created. (2)
A
Same direction different speeds OR different directions
18
Q
What hazard(s) would be at a conservative plate boundary?
A
Earthquakes
19
Q
Provide an example for a conservative plate boundary (2 Plate names needed).
A
North American and Pacific Plate - San Andreas Fault
20
Q
*Name the 4 layers of the Earth
A
Inner core, outer core, mantle and Crust
21
Q
How thick is the Earth’s crust?
A
5-65km
22
Q
How thick is the mantle?
A
2900km
23
Q
What is the core made out of?
A
Iron and a little nickle
24
Q
How thick is the outer core?
A
2200km
25
How thick is the inner core?
1250km
26
*Name the two types of crust.
Oceanic and Continental
27
Name 5 key differences between the two types of crust.
Oceanic: Under the oceans, heavier (denser), Thinner, average 5km thick, basalt, younger, destryoed and renewed. Continental - land, lighter, thicker, 30km thick, granite, older, never destroyed or renewed.
28
Which crust is heavier?
Oceanic
29
Which crust is thicker?
Contiental
30
*What is the continental crust made out of?
Granite
31
*What is the oceanic crust made out of?
Basalt
32
Which crust is destryoed and renewed?
Oceanic
33
*Who designed a theory based around the Earth's plates moving?
Alfred Wegener
34
*The theory of the plates moving was called?
Continental drift
35
*Once upon a time, the land used to be ONE huge land mass. What was this called?
Pangaea
36
Once upon a time, the land that used to be as one, split in to two large land masses. What were they called?
Gondwanaland and Laurasia
37
Why was Alfred Wegener's theory not widely accepted?
Language barrier. Scientific community were resistant to change. He couldn't find a good mechanism to move the plates. He lacked detailed knowledge of Geology.
38
What evidence did Alfred Wegener use to support his theory? 4 pieces needed
The shapes of the continents fit like a jigsaw. Climate evidence (evidence of historical glaciers in warm countries). The layers of rock on separated continents are identical. The fossil records on separated continents are identical.
39
What three process moves our plates?
Convection currents, Slab pull, Ridge push
40
What is the name of the circular movement of material within the mantle that help move the plates?
Convection currents.
41
Define 'convection currents'
Circular movement of material within the mantle that help move the plates, driven by heat from the core.
42
What drives convection currents within the mantle?
Heat from the earth's core
43
When a plate is subducted, what does the weight of the subducting plate cause?
Slab pull - it pulls the plate behind it.
44
Define slab pull
The weight of a subducting plate pulls helps move/drag the plate behind it, driven by gravity.
45
When new crust is created, it is less dense than old crust so it rises up at mid ocean ridges. The crust material 'slides' away from the ridges, encouraging the plates to move.
Slab pull
46
What is meant by the term ridge push?
When new crust is created, it is less dense than old crust so it rises up at mid ocean ridges. The crust material 'slides' away from the ridges, encouraging the plates to move.
47
What do we call it when the crust material slides away from mid-ocean ridges, encouraging plate movement?
Ridge push.
48
Name two types of volcanoes.
Shield and composite.
49
*Name 5 key differences between the two types of volcanoes.
SHIELD - gentle sides, runny lava (low viscosity), found at a constructive plate boundary, mainly lava erupted, more gentle eruptions. COMPOSITE - steep sides, sticky lava (high viscosity), destructive plate boundary, violent eruptions, ash and rock erupted (pyroclastic flow).
50
What is liquid rock called when it�s under the Earth�s surface?
Magma
51
What is liquid rock called when it�s above the Earth�s surface?
Lava
52
What is the volcanic feature found at the top of a volcano?
Crater
53
What are the volcano side made up of?
Layers of ash and lava from past eruptions
54
Where is the magma collected underneath a volcano?
Magma chamber
55
List reasons why people chose to live near volcanoes.
Ferile soil, building materials, geothermal energy, work in tourism, family ties.
56
People chose to live near volcanoes - building materials is one reason. What rock is found that is durable and valuable?
Granite
57
People chose to live near volcanoes - geothermal energy is used. What does this create and which country uses it?
Generate electricity. Iceland / Canada
58
Why do earthquakes happen?
Two plates at a plate boundary cannot move past each other easily. The two plates become locked together. Friction causes pressure to build up which is released as violent shaking.
59
*During an earthquake, what is the focus?
The point at which the rocks move.
60
*During an earthquake, what is the epicentre?
Directly above the fouc. On the surface of the earth.
61
How do we measure earthquakes?
Using a richter scale or the moment magnitude scale
62
What instrument do we use to measure the magnitude of an earthquake?
Seismograph
63
What does the word 'magnitude' mean when talking about earthquakes?
The amount of energy an earthquakes gives out.
64
During an earthquake, the pressure is released and waves of energy are released. What are these waves called?
Seismic waves
65
How can a building be earthquake proof? How does this design help?
Deep foundations into solid rock, cross bracing to provide support for the frame, weights on the roof to counterbalance shaking, several emergency staircases and exirs to speed up evacuations, shock absorbers in foundations to absorb seismic waves and a roof covering the outside of the building to collect broken glass.
66
In the Earth's structure, what is the hottest layer?
Inner Core
67
This is the thin, outer layer of the Earth.
Crust
68
The upper part of this layer is hard rock, but lower down it has begun to melt.
Mantle
69
Part of this layer is made of semi-molten rock called magma.
Mantle
70
There is lots of heat energy (power) in this layer, much like the engine in a car.
Inner Core
71
In the 1950's, evidence of matching rock layers was found in which two places?
Brazil and West Africa
72
Finish this sentence: The South American and African plates are moving�.
Apart / away from each other
73
Finish this sentence: The North American and Eurasian plates are moving �
Apart / away from each other
74
Finish this sentence: The South American and Nazca plate are moving�
Into each other / together
75
Finish this sentence: Constructive plate boundaries are where new crust is being made or constructed, so destructive plate boundaries are where the crust
Destroyed, melting, subducting
76
Structure of a volcano: within the Earth�s crust, a pool of magma (molten rock) can develop. This forms a space called a �
Magma Chamber
77
Structure of a volcano: More pressure from inside the Earth causes the magma to rise up through the crust, creating a tube called the �
Main vent
78
Structure of a volcano: If enough pressure builds up, the magma will erupt out of the �� at the top of the volcano.
crater
79
Name two hazards from a volcanic eruption?
Lava flow, ash cloud
80
Structure of a volcano: what are the sides of the volcano made out of?
Layers of ash and lava from past eruptions
81
Structure of a volcano: Sometimes there might be a blockage in the main vent, meaning the magma pushes through the side of the volcano, creating a �
Secondary cone
82
True or false: A dormant volcano will never erupt again.
False � A dormant volcano is �sleeping� and may erupt again in the future.
83
True or false: A steep-sided volcanic cone built from both lava and pyroclastic materials, e.g. ash, is called a composite volcano.
t
84
True or false: The �Ring of Fire� is found around the edge of the Atlantic Ocean.
False � It is the Pacific Ocean
85
True or false: The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is the result of sea floor spreading.
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86
Why people live near volcanoes: Is this statement a social, economic or environmental factor? Some volcanoes attract many tourists and so provide jobs for locals.
Economic
87
Why people live near volcanoes: Is this statement a social, economic or environmental factor? People may think that the actual chance of something happening is very low.
Social
88
Why people live near volcanoes: Is this statement a social, economic or environmental factor?Cheap geothermal energy can be generated from the tectonic activity.
Economic, Social
89
Why people live near volcanoes: Is this statement a social, economic or environmental factor? Valuable minerals are found near to volcanoes, and so people gain employment working in the mines.
Environmental, economic
90
Why people live near volcanoes: Is this statement a social, economic or environmental factor?People may not be able to afford to live elsewhere.
Social
91
Why people live near volcanoes: Is this statement a social, economic or environmental factor?Families have lived in the area for years, and little tectonic activity has happened. The community is more important than any risk.
Social
92
Why people live near volcanoes: Is this statement a social, economic or environmental factor?The soils near volcanoes are very fertile.
environmental, social
93
Why people live near volcanoes: Is this statement a social, economic or environmental factor?People think that there are adequate warnings and evacuation methods in place so they won't be harmed.
social
94
Why people live near volcanoes: Is this statement a social, economic or environmental factor?Housing is cheaper in some of these areas
social, economic
95
Why people live near volcanoes: Is this statement a social, economic or environmental factor?People don't want to leave their friends and family.
social
96
What scale do we measures earthquakes on when we measure the effects?
Mercalli Scale
97
What are the 3 P'S?
Prediction, Preparation and Protection
98
EARTHQUAKES: What is protection?
�Constructing buildings so that they are safe to live in and will not collapse.
99
EARTHQUAKES: What is prediction?
Attempts to forecast an event, where and when it will happen, based on current knowledge.
100
EARTHQUAKES: What is preparation?
Organising activities and drills so that people know what to do in the event of an earthquake.
101
How are buildings designed to be earthquake proof? Name 6 ways
Deep foundations into solid rock. Cross bracing to provide extra support to the frame.Weights on the roof to counterbalance shaking.Several emergency staircases and exits to speed up evacuations.Shock absorbers in foundations to absorb seismic waves.Roof covering the area immediately outside the building to prevent pedestrians being showered with broken glass.
102
Which 3P's does this statement belong to? Earthquake drills are held in schools to educate children about what to do during an earthquake. Pupils practice getting under their desks to protect themselves.
Preparation
103
Which 3P's does this statement belong to? Scientists can monitor areas where earthquakes are likely using a range of equipment. This helps them work out where the next earthquake might happen.
Prediction
104
Which 3P's does this statement belong to? Japan holds an annual �Disaster Preparedness Day�. All citizens are expected to participate in earthquake drills and check they are prepared for an earthquake.
Preparation
105
Which 3P's does this statement belong to? Some buildings have shutters that close automatically when an earthquake starts to protect people from breaking glass.
Protection
106
Which 3P's does this statement belong to? Buildings can be designed to withstand an earthquake. Features might include weights that reduce the swaying of the building and a strong frame that stops the building from collapsing.
Protection
107
Which 3P's does this statement belong to? Earthquake survival kits consist of important materials such as torches, blankets, tinned food and a battery operated radio. Governments publish information on what should be included.
Preparation
