Platform Technologies

Question 1

Component are the parts you can touch.

Answer 1

Computer Hardware

Question 2

The smallest hardware that can still perform computation is the ________

Answer 2

Computer chip

Question 3

is composed of semi-conductors and tiny wires laid out on top of thin wafers of silicon

Answer 3

Computer chip

Question 4

is always required to execute any command or instruction

Answer 4

Software

Question 5

can be configured to represent either a 0 or a 1 when electrical is supplied to them

Answer 5

semi-conductor

Question 6

Sometimes referred to as machine code or object code, ____________ ____________ is a collection or binary digits or bits that computer reads and interprets.____________ is the only language of computer is capable to understand.

Answer 6

Machine Language

Question 7

Limitations of machine language

Answer 7

1. Machine dependent.
2. Difficult to program.
3. High error level when we write a program in this language.
4. Difficult to modify the code

Question 8

A ____________ can understand positional number system only where there are a few symbols
called digits and these symbols represent different values depending on the position they occupy in the
number

Answer 8

digital system

Question 9

A value of each digit in a number can be determined using

Answer 9

The digit
● The position of the digit in the number
● The base of the number system (where base is defined as the total number of digits available in
the number system).

Question 10

are command or programs written in machine code of a machine(computer) that it can recognize and execute

Answer 10

Machine instruction

Question 11

Different instruction cycles :

Answer 11

Memory address registers(MAR)
Memory buffers registers(MBR)
Programs Counter(PC)
Instruction register(IR)

Question 12

: It is connected to the address lines of the system bus. It specifies the
address in memory for a read or write operation.

Answer 12

Memory address registers (MAR)

Question 13

t is connected to the data lines of the system bus. It contains the value to be
stored in memory or the last value read from the memory

Answer 13

Memory Buffer Register(MBR)

Question 14

Holds the address of the next instruction to be fetched.

Answer 14

Program Counter (PC):

Question 15

Holds the last instruction fetched

Answer 15

Instruction Register (IR):

Question 16

Each phase of ___________ ______ can be decomposed into a sequence of elementary micro-operations. In the
above examples, there is one sequence each for the Fetch, Indirect, Execute and Interrupt Cycles.

Answer 16

Instruction Cycle

Question 17

The ______________ is always followed by the Execute Cycle.

Answer 17

Indirect Cycle

Question 18

The ___________ ______ is always followed by
the Fetch Cycle.

Answer 18

Interrupt Cycle

Question 19

For both _______ ___ _______ _______ the next cycle depends on the state of the system.

Answer 19

fetch and execute cycles,

Question 20

We assumed a
new 2-bit register called ______ ______ ________The _ _ _ designates the state of processor in terms of which
portion of the cycle it is in:

Answer 20

Instruction Cycle Code (ICC).

Question 21

Von Neumann architecture’s?

Answer 21

Fixed Program Computers
Stored Program Computers

Question 22

These can be programmed to carry out many different tasks,
applications are stored on them, hence the name

Answer 22

Stored Program Computers

Question 23

Their function is very specific and they couldn’t be programmed, e.g.
Calculators

Answer 23

Fixed Program Computers –

Question 24

It is also known as IAS computer and is having three basic units

Answer 24

1. The Central Processing Unit (CPU)
2. The Main Memory Unit
3. The Input/output Device

Question 25

A control unit (CU) handles all processor control signals. It directs all input and output flow, fetches code for instructions and controlling how data moves around the system.

Answer 25

Control Unit –

Question 26

The arithmetic logic unit is the part of the CPU that handles all the calculations the CPU may need, e.g. Addition, Subtraction, Comparisons. It performs Logical Operations, Bit Shifting Operations, and Arithmetic Operation.

Answer 26

Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)

Question 27

Main Memory Unit (Registers)

Answer 27

1. Accumulator 2. Program Counter (PC): 3. Memory Address Register (MAR): 4. Memory Data Register (MDR): 5. Current Instruction Register (CIR) 6. Instruction Buffer Register (IBR):

Question 28

Program or data is read into main memory from the input device or secondary storage under the control of CPU input instruction. Output devices are used to output the information from a computer. If some results are evaluated by computer and it is stored in the computer, then with the help of output devices, we can present it to the user

Answer 28

Input/Output Devices

Question 29

Data is transmitted from one part of a computer to another, connecting all major internal components to the CPU and memory, by the means of Buses

Answer 29

Buses

Question 30

Type's of buses

Answer 30

1. Data buss 2. Address buss 3. Control buss

Question 31

It carries data among the memory unit, the I/O devices, and the processor.

Answer 31

Data buss

Question 32

It carries the address of data (not the actual data) between memory and processor.

Answer 32

Address buss

Question 33

: It carries control commands from the CPU (and status signals from other devices) in order to control and coordinate all the activities within the computer.

Answer 33

Control buss

Question 34

Whatever we do to enhance performance, we cannot get away from the fact that instructions can only be done one at a time and can only be carried out sequentially. Both of these factors hold back the competence of the CPU.

Answer 34

Von neumann bottleneck

Question 35

where machine language (binary digits) is the only format understood by the CPU.

Answer 35

Von Neumann Architecture

Question 36

TYPES OF CPU ARCHITECTURE

Answer 36

1.CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) 2.RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)

Question 37

1Architecture with complex instructions, which can perform multiple operations in a single instruction.

Answer 37

.CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer)

Question 38

Architecture with simpler instructions in one clock cycle. Architecture with more general-purpose registers and easier pipelining.

Answer 38

2.RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)

Question 39

COMPONENTS OF A CPU

Answer 39

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Control Unit (CU) Registers

Question 40

is responsible for performing arithmetic (addition, subtraction) and logical operations (AND, OR, NOT).

Answer 40

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

Question 41

manages the CPU’s operations, including controlling data flow between the CPU and other parts of the computer.

Answer 41

Control Unit (CU)

Question 42

hold data temporarily during processing for quick access. Important registers include

Answer 42

Registers

Question 43

Important registers include:

Answer 43

Program Counter (PC): Instruction Register (IR): Accumulator:

Question 44

 holds the address of the next instruction to be executed.

Answer 44

Program Counter

Question 45

Holds the current instruction being executed.

Answer 45

Instruction Register (IR)

Question 46

Stores intermediate results of calculations.

Answer 46

Accumulator

Question 47

holds frequently accessed data and instructions, allowing faster processing compared to other types of memory is the fastest type of memory in the hierarchy.

Answer 47

Cache

Question 48

is responsible for carrying data and instructions between components.

Answer 48

Bus

Question 49

Types of buses:

Answer 49

Address bus Control bus Data bus

Question 50

carries memory addresses.

Answer 50

Address Bus

Question 51

Transfers actual data between the components of the computer. 

Answer 51

Data bus

Question 52

Carries control signals.

Answer 52

Control Bus:

Question 53

Main Functions of an Operating System (OS):

Answer 53

Resource Management Process Management Memory Management: File Management: I/O Management:

Question 54

Manages CPU, memory, and storage allocation.

Answer 54

Resource Management

Question 55

Creates, schedules, and terminates processes.

Answer 55

Process Management

Question 56

 Allocates and protects memory spaces.

Answer 56

Memory Management

Question 57

Organizes files and directories.

Answer 57

File Management:

Question 58

Controls communication between peripherals.

Answer 58

I/O Management

Question 59

Types of Virtualization:

Answer 59

Operating System Virtualization Hardware Virtualization Containerization

Question 60

Allows multiple operating systems on one physical machine.

Answer 60

Operating System Virtualization

Question 61

Simulates hardware to create virtual machines (VMs).

Answer 61

Hardware Virtualization:

Question 62

 Isolates applications in containers, sharing the same OS kernel.

Answer 62

Containerization:

Question 63

 is the process by which a computer retrieves, interprets, and executes instructions.

Answer 63

fetch-decode-execute cycle

Question 64

retrieves the next instruction from memory.

Answer 64

Fetch: The Control Unit (CU)

Question 65

The CU decodes the instruction to understand what operation needs to be performed.

Answer 65

Decode:

Question 66

performs the required operation (e.g., arithmetic or logic).

Answer 66

Execute: The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

Question 67

Increasing cache memory or implementing pipelining can speed up instruction execution.

Answer 67

Improvement Suggestion:

Question 68

_______ uses complex instructions, while _______ uses simpler instructions that execute in one clock cycle.

Answer 68

RISC CISC

Question 69

is better for simple tasks (word processing, web browsing) because it requires fewer resources and can process instructions more quickly, making it more efficient for basic operations.

Answer 69

RISC

Question 70

allow multiple operating systems to run on one physical computer by creating isolated environments for each.

Answer 70

Virtual Machines (VMs)

Question 71

manages the VMs, ensuring they remain separate.

Answer 71

hypervisor