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Maatschappijleer > Pluralist society > Flashcards

Pluralist society Flashcards

1
Q

What is a multicultural society?

A

A society where divers cultural groups live together. There is a certain degree of respect and tolerance among the group.

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2
Q

What are the basis of a pluralist society?

A

A society with diverse cultural groups and lifestyles together. With respect among the group.

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3
Q

What is the definition of tolerance?

A

People’s ability to accept people who behave differently.

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4
Q

What is the Dutch translation for ‘a pluralist society’?

A

Een pluriforme samenleving

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5
Q

What are the three types of cultures? And explain each.

A
  1. Dominant culture => the body of norms, values and other characteristics that are accepted by the majority of society
  2. Subcultures => a group has developed norms and values that deviate from the dominant culture
  3. Counterculture => groups that clash with/threaten de dominant culture
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6
Q

What is another word for culture transfer?

(=the process in which someone consciously of unconsciously is taught the values, norms and other cultural features of his group)

A

Socialisation

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7
Q

Name some examples for socialising institutions.

A

f.e. family, school, media, friends, hobby/sports, clubs and government

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8
Q

What are the two sanctions of social control? Name a positive and negative example for each.

A

Formal sanctions:
+ diploma
- fine

Informal sanctions:
+ compliment
- punishment for not cleaning your room

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9
Q

From what 5 dimensions can culture vary?

A
  • the degree of power distance
  • individualistic vs collectivist
  • masculine vs feminine
  • the degree of uncertainty avoidance
  • long-term planning vs short term planning
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10
Q

What is power distance? And name a few examples.

A

Which role the authority play in a culture.

F.e. parents/teachers, employers/employees, teacher/pupils or police officers/civilians

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11
Q

What is the difference between individualistic and a collectivist culture?

A

Individualistic culture => focuses on the freedom to develop a personal identity. Development is important.

Collectivist culture => emphasise the important of social identity. Hospitality and taking care of loved ones are important values.

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12
Q

Name some differences between masculine cultures and feminine cultures?

A

Masculine:

  • strong separation of men and women
  • men have a leading role in the society/family
  • men are focused on their career
  • f.e. mexico and saudi-arabia

Feminine:

  • roles of women and men are more fluid
  • more focus on individual than gender
  • f.e. Scandinavia and the NL
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13
Q

What does the degree of uncertainty avoidance mean?

A

Some cultures tend to anticipate on future problems by avoid uncertainties.
This lines up with following the rules, saving up money and religious circles/cultures.

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14
Q

What is meant when talked about long term vs short term planning?

A

Whether the process of decision making focusses on the benefits of the long or short term.
The Dutch for example save more for their retirement funds than Americans.

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15
Q

What does ethnocentrism mean?

A

A way of looking at other cultures. Ethnocentrism happens when one’s own culture is considered the center, and (people of) other cultures are compared to what one considers normal.

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16
Q

What is xenophobia?

A

When prejudices lead to a hostile attitudes towards a group of people with a different ethnic background.

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17
Q

What are the four groups of immigrants?

A
  • work migrants
  • postcolonial migrants/citizens from former colonies
  • family formation and family reunification
  • refugees
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18
Q

What are work migrants?

A

People who come to the NL for work. Since the 1970s work immigrants (from outside of the EU) can only work in the NL when they are knowledge migrants.

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19
Q

What are illegal immigrants?

A

People who have no legal permission to work and live here.

Staying illegally in the NL is not punishable, however is is possible to be deported and get an entry ban (reisverbod).

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20
Q

What are the three groups we consider as post colonial migrants?

A
  • Dutch East Indies
  • Antilleans
  • Suriname
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21
Q

Which two groups from the former Dutch East Indies moved to the NL? And why was the 2nd group respected here?

A

Indonesians and Moluccans.

Because the Moluccans fought in the war against the independence of the Dutch East Indies.

22
Q

Which are the Antilles countries? There are 2 groups, name all of them.

A

The independent countries (Dutch kingdom):
Aruba, Curacao en Sint Maarten

The Dutch districts:
Bonaire, Saba and Sint Eustatius

23
Q

Why do immigrants come from the Antilles islands to the NL?

A

For work or studies often.

24
Q

What were two events that made a lot of Surinamese emigrate to the NL?

A

The coup d’état, and the December murders of 1982.

25
Q

What is the difference between a family formation and a family reunification?

A

A family formation = a Dutch citizen or someone with a residence permit who marries a foreigner and starts a family here.

A family reunification = people who are legally settled in the NL who send their families to join them.

26
Q

What is the myth of return?

A

Immigrants who come to the NL purely to gain money. But who end up staying.

27
Q

What is the difference between an ‘allochtoon’ and an ‘autochtoon’?

A

An ‘allochtoon’ is a person who is born abroad or has at least 1 parent who was born abroad.

An ‘autochtoon’ is a person who an whose parents were born in the NL.

28
Q

What are three expected reasons for more refugees (besides war)?

A

Climate change:

  • Drought (e.g. Egypt)
  • Floodings (e.g. Bangladesh)
  • Soil erosion (Haïti)
29
Q

When is a refugee considered a political refugee?

A
  • When he has a valid ID
  • Is able to show that deportation will lead to personal danger
  • When he can show humanitarian reasons for not being deported
      ----> (religious background, sexual preference, political convictions or a connection to a certain ethnic or social group).
30
Q

Name the 4 steps in the Dutch asylum procedure.

A
  1. Apply for an asylum at an application center (Groningen)
  2. Time for rest and preparation (possible medical/legal help)
  3. The ‘Immigratie- en Naturalisatie Dienst’ (IND) does research whether the refugee is eligible for asylum
  4. Meanwhile, asylum seekers are brought to other locations in the NL
31
Q

Name the three coping mechanisms as a result of migration.

A
  • avoidance
  • conflict
  • acceptance
32
Q

What is the meaning of segregation?

A

The division of society into separate parts. They live separate and parallel to each other.

E.g. black/white schools

33
Q

What are some reasons for segregation?

A
  • it can prevent conflicts
  • it simplifies the social group within the different groups
  • it simplifies the conservation of the group’s lifestyle
34
Q

Explain the concept of ‘white flight’?

A

Original habitants of neighborhoods leave ones more migrants settle in a neighborhood.
Segregation is a result of this.

35
Q

Why is conflict the next step after segregation?

A

People can’t keep avoiding each other.

36
Q

What are some reasons for conflicts?

A
  • Socio-economic conflicts
  • Cultural-religious conflicts
  • International conflicts
37
Q

What are socio-economic conflicts?

A

Mostly about the replacement of Dutch lower educated workers by cheaper migrants.

38
Q

What are cultural-religious conflicts?

A

Traditional communities clash with ‘modern’ urban society.

–> should police officers be allowed to wear head scarfs?

39
Q

What are international conflicts?

A

International conflicts can cause national tensions/conflicts.
–> the war in Syria led to tensions in the NL

40
Q

What are the bases of the 3rd fase, acceptance?

A

Both sides found a path to accept the new version of the society. Also called assimilation/integration.

41
Q

What are the three coping mechanisms, that goes on with age?

A
  • First generation > has a strong connection to the country of origin and their traditions.
  • Second generation > is an ‘in-between’-generation and is able to live in two worlds.
  • Third generation > have really found their spot in the Dutch society, are often significantly less connected to the country of origin and the traditions of their (grand)parents.
42
Q

What is the meaning of integration?

A

When someone adapts to the culture of the pace he is living in, while still keeping some of his own customs, norms and values.

43
Q

When is a person integrated into Dutch society?

A
  • they have equality before the law
  • they have equal opportunity in the socio-economic field
  • their knowledge of Dutch is sufficient
  • they respect the prevailing norms and values
44
Q

What could be problems when a person is trying to integrate into Dutch society?

A
  • unemployment
  • poor housing
  • language deficiency
45
Q

What are the three classical immigration countries?

A

USA, Canada and Australia

46
Q

Which were the colonized colonies of the classical immigration countries?

A

Indians –> USA and Canada

Aboriginals –> Australia

47
Q

On what did Canada and Australia select immigrants?

A

Race

48
Q

What lead to the influx of Asian and Latin-American migrants in the USA?

A

Racial background of migrants became less important => partly due to the civil rights movement and the process of decolonization.

49
Q

What is the main difference in how the classical immigration countries and the NL deals with immigration?

A

The classical immigration countries have clear rules and policies about immigrants. The NL doesn’t.

50
Q

What is globalisation?

A

The growth in the world’s economy, culture and population.

51
Q

What is polarisation?

A

The segregation which happens when a person is people are not let into society (e.g. poor housing or low-income)

Maatschappijleer (4 decks)

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