PMCH (2024) #1 Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
- In this model of people’s participation in primary health care, health is the responsibility of community health workers and leaders:
A. Community-based model
B. Community-managed model
C. Community-oriented model
D. Hospital/Clinical-based model
A
2
Q
- An error due to faulty calibration is classified as a:
A. Random error
B. Systematic error
C. Standard deviation
D. Blunder
A
3
Q
- Which stage of the family life cycle is prolonged in the Filipino culture?
A. Family in later years
B. Unattached young adult
C. Launching family
D. Family with adolescents
A
4
Q
- Which shows the correlation between two quantitative variables?
A. Line diagram
B. Bar graph
C. Forest plot
D. Scatter plot
E. Bar chart
A
5
Q
- Activities falling under Primary Prevention include:
A. Screening surveys
B. Physical therapy services
C. Provision of adequate housing, recreation, and agreeable working conditions
D. Case finding measures
A
6
Q
- A case-control study may have an advantage over a cohort study when the disease in question is:
A. Fatal
B. Rare
C. Infectious
D. Incident
A
7
Q
- Who can be a primary care physician?
A. Specialist attending to an entire family
B. Family physician
C. General practitioner in a community setting
D. All of the choices
A
8
Q
- The Milk Code issued by President Corazon Aquino promotes:
A. Breastfeeding
B. Milk industry support through promotional materials
C. Use of milk supplements
D. All of the choices are correct
A
9
Q
- Example of Eustress:
A. Anxiety
B. Unemployment
C. Hospitalization
D. Buying a home
A
10
Q
- Which of the following are considered fast breathing? (Multiple answers allowed):
A 5-year-old boy, respiratory rate of 35 breaths per minute
A 9-week-old baby boy, respiratory rate of 50 breaths per minute
A 3-month-old girl, respiratory rate of 55 breaths per minute
An 18-month-old baby girl, respiratory rate of 40 breaths per minute
A 7-day-old baby boy, respiratory rate of 61 breaths per minute
A
11
Q
- For illustration of continuous quantitative variables such as age:
A. Line diagram
B. Histogram
C. Forest plot
D. Scatter plot
E. Pie chart
F. Bar graph
A
12
Q
- Benefit of primary health care when a primary care physician who is well acquainted with a patient provides more personal and humane medical care and does so more economically than a physician involved only in episodic care:
A. Cost Effective Care
B. Continuity of Care
C. Quality of Care
D. Comprehensive Care
A
13
Q
- Traditional and complementary medicine practitioners include those who practice which of the following?
A. Acupuncture
B. Homotoxicology
C. Homeopathy
D. Naturopathy
E. Tuina massage
F. None of the choices
G. All of the choices are applicable
A
14
Q
- Health care that is accessible, comprehensible, coordinated, and continuing:
A. Tertiary health care
B. Primary health care
C. Specialized health care
D. Managed health care
A
15
Q
- The type of age-sex pyramid characterized as rapid growth:
A. Stage 1
B. Stage 4
C. Stage 2
D. Stage 3
A
16
Q
- This is obtained by the investigator himself, first hand, specifically to aid in answering the different objectives or purposes he has set for his study:
A. Secondary data
B. Statistical inference
C. Primary data
D. Inferential data
A
17
Q
- Shows the breakdown of a group where the total is equal to 100 percent:
A. Line diagram
B. Histogram
C. Bar graph
D. Pie chart
E. Scatter plot
A
18
Q
- This is one of the second order changes that a person must achieve during the newly married couple stage:
A. Realignment of relationship with extended family to include parenting and grandparenting roles
B. Creation of a home for the new couple
C. Establishment of career in a chosen profession
D. Realignment of relationship with extended families and friends to include spouse
A
19
Q
- For comparison of absolute or relative counts in a horizontal or vertical manner:
A. Histogram
B. Scatter plot
C. Forest plot
D. Bar graph
E. Line graph
A
20
Q
- The advantage of a cross-sectional survey is:
A. It offers evidence of a temporal relationship
B. It allows for a lot of investigational control
C. It can be performed retrospectively
D. It is useful for hypothesis generation
A
21
Q
- The blood pressure apparatus gives a reading that is always within 1 standard deviation away from the actual value:
A. Accuracy
B. Validity
C. Reliability
D. Precision
A
22
Q
- Which of the following need(s) to be obtained when doing research with children?
A. Informed consent from the parent or guardian
B. A court order regardless of the patient or guardian decision
C. Informed consent from the child only
D. Sponsor’s endorsement
A
23
Q
- What is the basic goal of epidemiological research?
A. Establish causality
B. Maximize external validity
C. Reject the null hypothesis
D. Eliminate bias
E. Compare two groups that differ in terms of exposure or outcome
A
24
Q
- It is an active listening skill where the doctor opens the conversation to what the patient wants to talk about:
A. Focusing
B. Direct leading
C. Attending
D. Indirect leading
A
25
5. A good leader looks for new leaders to train to ensure:
A. Productivity
B. Sustainability
C. Accountability
D. Competency
26
6. Cost-effective program means:
A. An intervention is able to meet its desired outcome at a cost that is comparative or lower than other interventions
B. An intervention is able to achieve incremental improvements in quality of life compared to the cost needed to implement
C. An intervention is able to meet its desired outcome at a cost that completely utilizes all available resources
27
7. To estimate the level of immunity to COVID-19 in Metro Manila in a quick and efficient manner, what study should be done?
A. A randomized controlled trial of COVID-19 vaccination
B. A retrospective cohort study of COVID-19 infection rate
C. Case-control study of COVID-19 infection
D. Cross-sectional survey of vaccination status against COVID-19
28
8. Informed consent entails:
A. A verbal agreement
B. Full disclosure
C. Acknowledging a subject’s participation
D. A handshake
29
9. Sex is _______ determined and gender is ______ determined:
A. Biologically, biologically
B. Biologically, culturally
C. Culturally, culturally
D. Culturally, biologically
30
10. ___ means that participant identity, although known to the researcher, is not revealed to anyone outside of the researcher and his or her staff:
A. Disambiguity
B. Anonymity
C. Ambiguity
D. Confidentiality
31
1. The child mortality rate concerns children who die before their:
A. First birthday
B. Second birthday
C. Tenth birthday
D. Fifth birthday
32
2. Example of verbal communication:
A. Postures
B. Intonation
C. Gestures
D. Movements
33
34
4. A family lifeline is:
A. Timeline of significant events of how families cope up with issues
B. A type of family biography
C. A tool to assess family resources
D. A description of the life journey of the family
35
5. The act of publishing the same data and results in more than one journal or publication refers to which of the following professional issues:
A. Co-authorship
B. Authorship
C. Duplicate publication
D. Partial duplication
36
6. The concept that describes health needs, whether perceived by the provider or the community, as infinite while the resources to address these needs are limited is called:
A. Heal poverty
B. Demand
C. Scarcity
D. Health cost
37
7. Which of the following is necessary in obtaining informed consent?
A. A description of the purpose of the research
B. A description of the accuracy of the test instruments
C. A description of the statistical analyses that will be used in the study
D. A list of researches that the researcher has had in the last ten years
38
8. Following proper procedures that minimize exposure while operating production and control equipment, inspecting and maintaining process and control equipment on a regular basis is an example of:
A. Elimination / substitution
B. Administrative
C. Engineering
D. PPE
39
9. The standard normal distribution has a standard deviation equal to:
A. The z value
B. The mean
C. 1
D. 0
40
10. Disclosure of information pertaining to the following is allowed under our current laws on HIV and AIDS:
A. Has been exposed to HIV
B. None of the choices is correct
C. Has HIV infection or HIV-related illnesses
D. A person has AIDS
E. Has undergone HIV-related test
41
1. Most of the medical students got a grade of 90 in the PMCH long exam but half of them got at least 80. Then:
A. Mode > 80, Median = 90
B. None of the above
C. Mode = 90, Median = 80
D. Mode > 90, Median > 80
42
2. The process in which an author (or authors) submits a written manuscript or article to a journal for publication is called:
A. Peer review
B. Plagiarism
C. Redundant publications
D. Confidentiality
43
3. To assess feeding in a 5-month-old child, the IMCI health care provider would:
A. Assess breastfeeding
B. Offer RUTF to eat
C. Look for edema of both feet
44
4. Refers to the type, quantity, and quality of the services or commodities wanted or requested by consumers:
A. Benefits
B. Demand
C. Allocations
D. Needs
45
5. Which of the following is the measure of the risk of having the risk factor?
A. Odds ratio
B. Relative risk
C. Kappa
D. P-value
46
6. This law prescribes an ad valorem tax on tobacco and distilled spirits restructuring the excise tax collected over their sale:
A. National Revenue Code of 1997
B. Sin Tax Reform Law
C. Vape Law
D. VAT Law
47
7. The following are strategies in the prevention and control of HIV/AIDS EXCEPT:
A. Antiretroviral therapy
B. Sustained condom use
C. Pre-exposure prophylaxis
D. Safe injecting practices
E. Community contact tracing of PLHIV
F. There are no exceptions
48
8. Which of the following statements best describes the biopsychosocial model of a disease?
A. Psychological factors play an unimportant role in the treatment of chronic disease
B. A person’s health behavior is an automatic consequence of given social context
C. Pathogens and other biological factors are unimportant when considering personal health
D. A person’s health is determined by the interaction of biological, psychological, and social processes
49
9. M.E., a 56-year-old female whose mother is diagnosed with Stage 4 breast cancer, has problems with her family who is not committing to adjust their schedules to take care of their mother. At present, she is having caregiver fatigue. This can be further assessed in the family APGAR as:
A. Growth
B. Resolve
C. Adaptability
D. Affection
E. Partnership
50
10. Implementation of the seat belt law and helmet law is a form of:
A. Tertiary level prevention
B. Primordial level of prevention
C. Secondary level of prevention
D. Primary level of prevention
51
1. What is the best study design that can be used to test a hypothesis?
A. Cross-sectional survey
B. Randomized controlled trial
C. Case-control study
D. Cohort study
52
2. An outpatient treatment facility built within or near a local government hospital or health center that treats drug use patients who voluntarily enroll in the clinic program for specialized consultations or evaluations is called:
A. Recovery clinic
B. Aftercare treatment
C. Residential treatment and rehabilitation program
D. None of the choices
53
4. Which principle refers to doing or permitting no foreseeable harm, including no infringement of rights as a consequence of the research?
A. Justice
B. Respect for persons
C. Non-maleficence
D. Beneficence
54
5. Culture is an integral part of which Family Assessment Tool?
A. Family genogram
B. DRAFT
C. SCREEM
D. APGAR
55
6. Consistency or dependability of a screening test is called:
A. Validity
B. Reliability
C. Precision
D. Accuracy
56
7. Under the Health Care Act, doctors who have the capacity to pay premiums are categorized as:
A. Indirect contributors
B. Eligible members
C. Direct contributors
D. Premium payors
57
8. A physician wants to determine the prevalence of parasitism among school children in an urban area where most children in private schools come from affluent families whereas most children from public schools come from poor families. What is the most appropriate type of sampling methodology to use in this situation?
A. Systematic sampling
B. Stratified random sampling
C. Multi-stage sampling
D. Simple random sampling
58
9. Which of the following is a true statement about non-communicable diseases?
A. More likely to be acute, disease develops quickly
B. Vehicles and vectors play a major role in disease spread
C. Diseases that can be passed on from one person to another
D. Dietary habits, environment, and lifestyle play a role in disease causation
59
1. A study is conducted to determine the effectiveness of drinking coffee on a teenager’s willingness to do a cliff dive. A total of 500 teenagers were assembled; 250 were cliff divers and 250 were not. Of the 250 divers, 150 are coffee drinkers. Of the 250 non-divers, 50 were coffee drinkers. Most of the non-divers preferred to drink milk.
After a few years, the teenagers obtain their medical degrees. You again study 500 teenagers, 250 coffee and 250 non-coffee drinkers. This time you assemble the groups on the basis of their coffee consumption, and you prospectively determine the incidence of cliff diving. Over 5 years, 135 coffee drinkers did the dive, and only 38 of the non-coffee drinkers did the dive.
What is the relative risk of cliff diving among the exposed?
A. 3.6
B. 2.12
C. 4.8
D. 6
60
2. Type of family structure that includes individuals living together as a group and through its kinship network provides support functions to all members:
A. Extended
B. Single parent
C. Nuclear
D. Blended
61
3. According to the primary care referral system in the Philippines, which corresponds to the proper hierarchy of referral?
A. Barangay health station to district hospital
B. Health center to district hospital
C. Barangay health station to private clinic
D. Health center to private tertiary hospital
62
4. Berto Tatlongreyna is a 45-year-old jeepney driver who presented at the health center with 3 weeks of night sweats with weight loss. Which of the following would you consider?
A. Chest X-ray is required to include the patient in the TB program
B. Patient needs to undergo GeneXpert for clinical symptoms
C. Patient is not tuberculosis since there is no cough
D. Patient is presumptive pulmonary tuberculosis case
63
5. The University of Perpetual Help Jonelta Foundation School of Medicine is dedicated to developing a:
A. Professionally competent and holistic healer, socially responsive to the needs of humanity and imbued with moral, ethical, and spiritual values
B. Skilled technician focused on medical procedures only
C. Research scientist specializing in laboratory work
D. Health administrator primarily concerned with hospital management
64
6. In the natural history of disease, the symptoms signify the transition from ___ to ___:
A. Stage of clinical disease to stage of disability
B. Stage of susceptibility to stage of subclinical disease
C. Stage of susceptibility to stage of clinical disease
D. Stage of subclinical disease to stage of clinical disease
65
7. Which of the following is NOT supported by the policies of the National TB Program?
A. Patient comfort, well-being, and safety ensured by providing evidence-based interventions
B. The TB patient and his treatment will be protected from impacts of poverty by providing social protection measures
C. The TB patient shall be provided with psychological and emotional support as well as be protected from discrimination
D. The patient cannot object to the TB treatment plan to ensure cure of all cases in the community
66
8. The Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002 is:
A. RA 9156
B. RA 1965
C. RA 9165
D. RA 1956
67
9. In the NTP, a specimen that is collected at the time of initial consultation is referred to as a/an:
A. Sputum sample
B. Early morning specimen
C. Direct sputum smear
D. Spot specimen
68
10. Ability of a test to indicate non-disease when no disease is present is called:
A. Accuracy
B. Sensitivity
C. Specificity
D. Validity
69
1. Arises when a person's involvement in a particular research project conflicts with their personal interests or obligations:
A. Conflict of interest
B. Informed consent
C. Justice
D. Research misconduct
70
2. Which of the following is/are considered fully vaccinated for COVID-19 as per guidelines from DOH and National Vaccination Operations Center (NVOC)?
A. At least 2 doses of primary vaccine
B. At least 2 doses of Janssen vaccine
C. At least 2 doses of primary vaccine and 2 booster doses of the same or different vaccine variant
D. At least 1 dose of primary mRNA vaccine and 1 booster dose of a different vaccine variant
71
3. The average number of children a woman would bear during her reproductive lifetime (15-49 years), assuming her childbearing conforms to her age-specific fertility rate every year of her childbearing years, is called:
A. All of the choices are correct
B. Total fertility rate
C. General fertility rate
D. Age-specific fertility rate
72
4. True about the principles of research according to the Nuremberg Code:
A. Experiments can be conducted only by scientifically qualified persons
B. The degree of benefits from research should not exceed the anticipated risk of results
C. Human subjects must be allowed to discontinue their participation only upon completion of the study
D. Proper environment and protection for participants is not mandatory
73
5. Shows trends or data changes with time or age with respect to another variable:
A. Bar graph
B. Line diagram
C. Scatter plot
D. Histogram
E. Forest plot
74
6. When two clinical clerks consistently get the same reading when checking the blood pressure of the same patient using the same blood pressure apparatus, this is called:
A. Intra-tester variability
B. Precision
C. Inter-tester reliability
D. Inter-tester validity
E. Reproducibility
75
7. A dysfunctional family can have these characteristics:
A. Protective
B. Enmeshed
C. Role tasking
D. Flexible
76
8. The goal of tertiary level prevention is:
A. To improve the quality of life
B. To make an early diagnosis to stop the progression of the disease
C. To limit permanent disability as a sequel of the disease
D. To promote health
77
9. Health benefit of the Sin Tax Reform Law:
A. Additional budget can be used to support the local tobacco industry
B. Revenues collected will aid the DOH budget
C. Additional revenue will fund construction of new health facilities
D. Higher prices will discourage consumption of tobacco and alcohol
78
10. Who are required to write the generic name when prescribing drugs?
A. Veterinary practitioners
B. Dental practitioners
C. Medical practitioners
D. All of them
79
1. Disease initiation or progression depends on the interaction of the following:
A. Host, Agent, and Vector
B. Environment, Agent, and Vector
C. Host, Vector, and Environment
D. Host, Environment, and Agent
80
2. A study is conducted to determine the effectiveness of drinking coffee on a teenager’s willingness to do a cliff dive. A total of 500 teenagers were assembled: 250 were cliff divers and 250 were not. Of the 250 divers, 150 are coffee drinkers. Of the 250 non-divers, 50 were coffee drinkers. Most of the non-divers preferred to drink milk. What is the odds ratio in this study?
A. 0.6
B. 2
C. 6
D. 0.2
81
82
4. Gathering only necessary information, coding names, and not disclosing information comes under:
A. Justice
B. Informed consent
C. Withdrawal
D. Privacy
83
5. Ethics in data management entails:
A. Retaining data and sharing access to collected data with colleagues and the public
B. Manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes
C. Disclosure of any significant financial conflict to conduct research
D. Making up data or results and recording them
84
6. The research participants are described in detail in which section of the research plan?
A. Discussion
B. Data analysis
C. Introduction
D. Method
85
7. Room 214 is what type of data?
A. Qualitative, ordinal
B. Qualitative, nominal
C. Quantitative, discrete
D. Quantitative, continuous
86
8. A form of alternative health care which emphasizes prevention, treatment, and promotion of optimal health through the use of therapeutic methods and modalities which encourage the self-healing process is:
A. Naturopathy
B. Hilot
C. Mind therapy
D. Nutritional therapy
87
9. With regards to the National TB Control Program, children are any person who is less than ___ years of age:
A. 18
B. 10
C. 5
D. 15
88
According to WHO, health is defined as:
A. A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
B. The absence of any physical disease
C. The ability to perform daily activities without fatigue
D. Merely the absence of mental illness
89
1. A review of the literature prior to formulating research questions allows the researcher to do which of the following?
A. To become eligible for publication
B. To predict the trend in the study to be done
C. To identify potential methodological problems in the research area
D. To develop a list of possible remedies should the expected result not happen
90
2. A 40-year-old male was brought to the emergency room unconscious because of profuse bleeding from a wound on his head. No relatives were available at that time. As the physician on duty, you treated the patient aggressively and sutured his wound. What bioethical principle is this?
A. Principle of beneficence
B. Principle of non-maleficence
C. Principle of totality
D. Principle of double effect
91
3. Under the national COVID-19 vaccination program, health workers are classified as category ___ priority for vaccinations:
A. A3
B. A2
C. A1
D. A4
92
4. True about families:
A. Hereditary illnesses are the ones only transmitted among members
B. Familial factors are negligible when it comes to health
C. It is from our family that we first learn about health
D. Our family’s only role during the ill state is through financial support
93
5. Which approach is adopted in the WHO-PEN to strengthen and orient health systems to address non-communicable disease and risk factors?
A. Health care worker centered approach
B. None of the choices is correct
C. Health systems centered approach
D. People-centered health approach
94
6. Identify the term that refers to a post-study interview in which all aspects of the study are revealed, reasons for the use of deception are given, and the participants’ questions are answered:
A. Dehoaxing
B. Deploying
C. Desensitizing
D. Debriefing
95
7. An essential component of IMCI (Integrated Management of Childhood Illness) is:
A. Assessing all sick children aged up to 5 years for very severe disease
B. Provision of intravenous therapy at the local health facility
C. Examining young infants for general danger signs
D. Counselling of caregivers
96
8. True of confirmatory test:
A. Used to rule out hypothesis/diagnosis
B. Must have a high degree of specificity and low false positive (FP) / type 2 error rate
C. Must have a low degree of specificity and low FP / type 1 error rate
D. Must have a high degree of specificity and low FP / type 1 error rate
97
9. The disadvantage of a case-control study is:
A. Its data are subject to ecological fallacies
B. It is time-consuming and costly compared to a cohort study
C. It can study only interventions that are controlled by the investigator
D. It can only obtain a relative measure of risk
98
10. Which statement is TRUE?
A. None of the above
B. In case of qualitative variables, the median can also be determined
C. In case of quantitative variables, only the arithmetic mean can be computed
D. The mode can be equal to the mean value
99
1. Terms synonymous to community diagnosis include:
A. Participatory research
B. Community based participatory research (CBPR)
C. Participatory action research (PAR)
D. Action research
E. All of the choices are correct
100
2. The act of passing off somebody else’s ideas, thoughts, pictures, theories, words, or stories as your own is called:
A. Fake news
B. Plagiarism
C. Double publication
D. Protection of intellectual property
E. Co-authorship
