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PMHP Flashcards

1
Q

what is capacity to benefit

A

the difference between the need for health and the need for healthcare

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2
Q

what is normative need and an example of this

A

professionally defined need
- patient has check up and is told they need a filling

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3
Q

what is felt need and give an example

A

patient’s perception of their need
- patient has toothache and thins they need treatment

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4
Q

what is expressed need and give an example

A

patient has toothache and turns up to emergency appointment
- felt need translated into action by using or requesting services

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5
Q

what is comparative need and give an example

A

comparing the health needs of similar groups of people
- town A had 3 dental practices and town B of the same size has 5

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6
Q

what is unmet need and give an example

A

differences between the health care provided and health care judged as necessary
- in X town there are 50,000 people and only 1 dentist

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7
Q

what are non-static influences on need, supply and demand that can change

A

time
person
place

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8
Q

what are the nine protected characteristics

A

age
disability
gender reassignment
marriage and civil partnership
pregnancy and maternity
race
religion or belief
sex
sexual orientation

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9
Q

name two examples of current influences on need in dentistry

A

aging population
immigration

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10
Q

name two examples of current influences on supply in dentistry

A

distribution of workforce
full time vs part time working

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11
Q

name two examples of current influences in demand in dentistry

A

NHS vs private
new advanced treatments

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12
Q

how is oral health need determined on an individual level

A

diagnosis and treatment

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13
Q

how are oral health needs determined at a population level

A

needs assessment

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14
Q

what is a health needs assessment

A

systematic method of identifying the public health, health needs of a population and making recommendations for changes to meet these needs

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15
Q

what are the four components of an oral health needs assessment

A

examine and describe the characteristics of the population
identifying the needs of the population
examine the current service provision
identify how gaps can be met

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16
Q

what is the purpose of OHNA

A

identify and quantify oral health needs
identify potential health gains
prioritise identified needs
inform the planning of services

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17
Q

what are the 6 elements to communication

A

understanding non-verbal
listening
engaging people to talk
asking questions
acknowledging other’s feelings
giving feedback

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18
Q

give 6 aspects of non-verbal communication

A

eye contact
body posture
body orientation
body movement
distraction
interest

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19
Q

what are the six emotions of facial expression

A

anger
disgust
fear
happy
sad
surprise

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20
Q

what are the 5As in the 5 Step Learning Curve of Evidence Based Dentistry

A

ask
align
acquire
appraise
apply

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21
Q

what does a peer reviewed research mean

A

the research has passed the scrutiny of other scientists and is considered valid, important and original

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22
Q

what is PICO

A

used when asking questions about research about to be undertaken
population
intervention
comparison
outcome

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23
Q

what system do you use to try to find relevant papers when you are unsure on what clinical technique to use

A

PICO

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24
Q

what are the four principles of health promotion

A

right to health
equity
empowerment
community participation

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25
what are determinants of health
range of social, personal, economic and environmental factors that determine the health status of individuals
26
name an example of a whole population approach in dentistry
child smile - toothpaste packs to all children
27
name an example of a high risk approach in dentistry
toothbrushing in P1 and P2 in the most deprived 20% of schools
28
name 4 key oral health messages
reduce consumption and frequency of sugar effective control of plaque and fluoride use appropriate use of dental care dont smoke and avoid excessive alcohol intake
29
what are the classifications of sugars
intrinsic extrinsic - milk vs non-milk sugars non milk sugars = fruit juices, recipe sugar, table sugar
30
what is needed for caries to progress
host time diet microorganism
31
what is the Stephan curve
effect of carbohydrates on acid formation by dental plaque
32
what are extended duty dental nurses
dental nurses that have had additional training they can give toothbrush instruction, fluoride varnish application
33
what are the 3 parts of childsmile
childsmile toothbrushing childsmile nursery and school fluoride varnish childsmile community and practice
34
what is part of the childsmile toothbrushing packs
every child receives toothbrush and toothpaste on at least 6 occasions by the age of 5 every child receives free flow drinking cup in the first year of life
35
what is the amount of toothpaste recommended for a) children up to 3 years and b) children aged 3 years and over
children under 3 = smear children over 3 = pea sized
36
how much fluoride is used for nursery and primary 1 children
0.25ml
37
what is the concentration of fluoride in fluoride varnish
22, 600 ppmF
38
how much fluoride varnish is used for children in P2 and above
0.4ml
39
what type of consent is used for childrens participation in toothbrushing in school
negative consent - parents have to ask for their children not to take part
40
what type of consent is used for application of fluoride varnish in school settings
positive consent - parents have to agree to it
41
what are the two medical contra-indications for application of fluoride varnish
severe asthma (hospitalisation) allergy to colophony
42
what are the four aspects of the behaviour change wheel
capability motivation opportunity behaviour
43
what is COM-B model
in order to change their behaviour (b) the patient must have : capability (c), opportunity (o) and motivation (m)
44
what are BCTs
behaviour change techniques
45
what is the Ottawa charter
the first health promotion conference
46
name the 9 GDC standards
patients interests first communicate effectively with patients obtain valid consent maintain and protect patient's information have clear and effective complaints procedure work with colleagues for patient's best interest work within your professional knowledge and skills raise concerns if your patients are at risk personal behaviour maintains patient's confidence in dentistry
47
what are the 4 medical principles
justice, respect for autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence
48
what is AMCUR when associated with capacity
act make communicate understand retain memory
49
what is valid consent
with capacity informed voluntary not coerced not manipulated
50
what is included in the parental responsibility act
mothers automatically have parental responsibility natural fathers acquire parental responsibility by being married to the mother after may 2006 in scotland unmarried natural fathers acquire parental responsibility if they are registered on the birth certificate
51
name three situations when there can be lawful disclosure of confidential information
when patients give consent when it is a requirement by law (court order) when there is a compelling public interest
52
if a patient wants to have access to their dental records what is required
written request
53
what is risk
the chances of something happening
54
how do you calculate risk
number of events of interest divided by the total number of observations
55
what are odds
number of events of interest divided by the number without the event
56
what are starting and modified risks
the chances of the outcomes in the untreated and treated groups
57
what are contingency tables used for
using test group and placebo the outcome of it not happening in one column outcome of it happening in the other column
58
what is a risk of relative risk reduction
overestimate the benefit
59
what is the absolute risk reduction
the difference between the two values (treated vs untreated)
60
what is NNT
number needed to treat the number of patients you would need to treat to prevent one patient from developing the disease 1 divided by the absolute risk difference
61
what is risk ratio
risk in treatment group divided by risk in control group
62
what is the value of no difference for absolute risk ratio
0 (you take the numbers away from each other)
63
what is the value of no difference for risk ratio
1 (as you divide the numbers by each other)
64
what do confidence intervals do
quantify the level of uncertainty in samples compared to the whole population it is the range of values that a true population treatment effect is likely to lie
65
with regards to confidence intervals, when would there be insufficient evidence for a difference between treatment and control group
if it overlaps the value of no difference value of no difference for ratio = 1 if 1 is not within the range = all good difference between to quantities = 0
66
what are observational uncontrolled studies
researchers watch what happens to a group of people no intervention could be a group of patients being treated with a drug
67
controlled studies
68
what is the gold standard of study trials
randomised controlled trials
69
what are case report studies
report on single patient or series of patients with outcome of interest no control group
70
name 1 advantage and 2 disadvantages of case report studies
identify new disease outcome cannot demonstrate valid statistical associations lack control group
71
what is a cross sectional study
observation of defined population at single point in time or time interval used to estimate prevalence of disease
72
name 2 disadvantages of cross-sectional studies
cannot link causality confounding variables
73
what is a case control study
study of people with a disease and a suitable group of people without the disease then look back to see if key exposures can be identified
74
name 2 disadvantages of case control studies
confounding variables recall bias selection of controls time relationships - did exposure occur before disease
75
what is a cohort study
establish group of individuals in population measure exposures follow over period of time used for estimating incidence of disease and cause of disease
76
name 2 disadvantages of cohort studies
controls difficult to identifying confounding variables time consuming
77
what are randomised control trials
define population inclusion and exclusion criteria randomise for which treatment group patients go in follow up at the end
78
what is the best type of trial to use when investigating the effectiveness or efficacy of a drug
randomised control trials
79
what are the four design elements of randomised controlled trials
exclusion/ inclusion criteria comparison/ control groups randomisation blinding/ masking
80
why do we need control groups
people often get better on their own
81
what are disadvantages to randomised control trials
ethical issues - ie pregnancy cost feasibility still some risk of bias
82
what is CONSORT
checklist of things required to be reported when using a randomised control trial

FINALS (25 decks)

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