PMP Certification-UCLA Flashcards
(621 cards)
1
Q
What is the 5 Whys Method?
A
An effective tool for root cause analysis in which the question ‘Why?’ is asked in succession until the root cause is found.
Developed by Sakichi Toyoda, a Japanese inventor and industrialist, it is part of the Lean philosophy.
2
Q
What does the 80/20 Rule state?
A
It contends that 80% of problems or defects are typically due to 20% of causes.
Also known as the Pareto Principle.
3
Q
What is A/B Testing?
A
A marketing approach used to determine user preferences by showing different sets of users similar services with one independent variable.
4
Q
Define ‘Accept’ in risk management.
A
A strategy for managing negative risks or opportunities that involves acknowledging risk and not taking any action until the risk occurs.
5
Q
What are Acceptance Criteria?
A
A set of conditions that is required to be met before deliverables are accepted.
6
Q
What are Accepted Deliverables?
A
Deliverables that meet the acceptance criteria and have been formally signed off and approved by the customer or sponsor.
7
Q
What is Active Listening?
A
A communication technique that involves acknowledging the speaker’s message and clarifying it to confirm understanding.
8
Q
Define ‘Activity’ in project management.
A
A distinct portion of work, scheduled with a beginning and an end, that must be performed to complete work on the project.
9
Q
What are Activity Attributes?
A
Multiple attributes associated with each activity that can be included within the activity list.
10
Q
What are Activity Cost Estimates?
A
Budgets assigned to each task, including labor, materials, equipment, and fixed costs.
11
Q
What is an Activity Dependency?
A
A logical relationship that exists between two project activities indicating whether the start of one is contingent upon the other.
12
Q
What are Activity Duration Estimates?
A
Quantitative assessments of the likely number of time periods required to complete an activity.
13
Q
What is an Activity List?
A
A documented tabulation of schedule activities that shows the activity description and identifier.
14
Q
What does Activity on Arrow mean?
A
A graphical diagram on which schedule activities are represented by nodes and their dependencies by arrows.
15
Q
Define ‘Actual Cost (AC)’ in Earned Value Management.
A
The realized cost incurred for the work performed on an activity during a specific time.
16
Q
What does ‘Adaptive’ refer to in project management?
A
A type of project life cycle that values responding to change over following a set plan.
17
Q
What is Administrative Closure?
A
The process of verifying and documenting project results to formalize project or phase completion.
18
Q
What is an Affinity Diagram?
A
A technique that allows large numbers of ideas to be classified into groups for review and analysis.
19
Q
What does Affinity Estimating involve?
A
Rapidly estimating large stories in the backlog using techniques like T-Shirt sizing or Fibonacci sequence.
20
Q
What is Agile?
A
A mindset of values and principles as set forth in the Agile Manifesto.
21
Q
What is the role of an Agile Coach?
A
A process role that helps organizations achieve true agility by coaching teams on agile practices.
22
Q
Define ‘Agile Life Cycle’.
A
An approach that is both iterative and incremental to refine work items and deliver frequently.
23
Q
What are the four core values of the Agile Manifesto?
A
- Individuals and interactions over processes and tools
- Working software over comprehensive documentation
- Customer collaboration over contract negotiation
- Responding to change over following a plan.
24
Q
What is Agile Release Planning?
A
A process in which a team determines the number of iterations needed to complete each release and the features in each iteration.
25
What is a Backlog in project management?
The prioritized list of all work presented in story form for a project team.
26
What is Backlog Refinement?
The ongoing activity in which the team collaboratively reviews, updates, and writes requirements.
27
What is a Bar Chart?
A graphic display of schedule-related information showing activities and their durations.
28
What does Baseline refer to in project management?
Original objectives plus approved change requests for scope, schedule, cost, and resources.
29
Define Benchmarking.
The comparison of actual or planned products, processes, and practices to identify best practices.
30
What is the Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR)?
The ratio of the expected benefits to the anticipated costs.
31
What is a Business Case?
A documented economic feasibility study used to establish the validity of the benefits of a project.
32
What are Business Requirement Documents (BRD)?
Listing of all requirements for a specific project.
33
What is Business Value?
The net quantifiable benefit derived from a business endeavor.
34
What does Change Control involve?
Purposeful management of changes to the project scope, schedule, cost, or quality.
35
What is the Change Control Board (CCB)?
A formally chartered group responsible for reviewing and approving changes to the project.
36
What is a Change Control Form?
A document used to request a project change.
37
What is a Change Log?
A living list of all project change requests used to track and provide status.
38
What is a formally chartered group responsible for reviewing project changes?
Change Control Board (CCB)
## Footnote
The CCB evaluates, approves, delays, or rejects changes to the project.
39
What document is used to request a project change?
Change Control Form
## Footnote
This form can also include recommendations for corrective or preventive actions.
40
What is the Change Control System?
A set of procedures for managing and controlling modifications to project deliverables and documentation.
41
What is a Change Log?
A living list of all project change requests (CR) that tracks and provides the status of each CR.
42
Define Change Management.
A comprehensive, cyclic, and structured approach for transitioning individuals, groups, and organizations to realize desired benefits.
43
What is a Change Management Plan?
A component of the project management plan that establishes the CCB and describes how the change control system will be implemented.
44
What is a Change Request (CR)?
A request for change sent to upper management or the CCB for evaluation and approval.
45
What is a project charter?
A formal document that starts the project, providing the reason for the project and may include high-level requirements.
46
What is the purpose of a Checklist?
To ensure that a product or component quality is achieved.
47
What is a Claim in project management?
An issue with the contract brought by one party against another that must be resolved before contract closure.
48
What does the Close Project or Phase Process entail?
Finalizing all activities for the project, phase, or contract.
49
What are Close-Out Meetings?
Sessions held at the end of a project or phase to discuss work and capture lessons learned.
50
What is the Closing Process Group?
Processes performed to formally complete or close the project, phase, or contract.
51
What role does a Coach play in agile?
An agile servant leader who helps the team and identifies and removes impediments.
52
Define Coaching.
The act of giving guidance and direction to facilitate personal and/or professional growth.
53
What is a Code of Accounts?
A numbering system used to uniquely identify each component of the WBS.
54
What does the Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct describe?
The ethical, professional behavior and expectations of a project management professional (PMP).
55
What is Collaboration in project management?
The act of working together and sharing information to create deliverables.
56
What is the Collect Requirements Process?
The process in which requirements documentation is developed.
57
What does Colocation refer to?
An organizational placement strategy where project team members are physically located close to each other.
58
What is a Common Cause in quality management?
A reason contributing to a quality problem that is generally considered acceptable.
59
What is the definition of Communication?
The act of accurately encoding, sending, receiving, decoding, and verifying messages.
60
What are Communication Channels?
The number of possible communication paths on a project, calculated as [n(n-1)]/2.
61
What is a Communication Method?
A systematic procedure used to transfer information among project stakeholders.
62
What are Communication Models?
Descriptions or schematics that represent how the communication process will be performed.
63
What is Communication Requirements Analysis?
An analytical technique to determine the information needs of project stakeholders.
64
What is a Communication Styles Assessment?
A technique to identify preferred communication methods for stakeholders.
65
What is Communication Technology?
Specific tools and systems used to transfer information among stakeholders.
66
What is a Communications Management Plan?
A component that describes how, when, and by whom project information will be administered.
67
Define Community of Practice (CoP).
A forum for project managers to share findings and learnings from their projects.
68
What is a Completion Contract?
A contract completed when the vendor delivers the product and the buyer accepts it.
69
What is Complexity in project management?
A characteristic that makes a program or project difficult to manage due to various factors.
70
What does Compliance mean?
The state of meeting organizational, legal, or certification regulations.
71
What is a Compromise in conflict management?
An option where both parties give up something to reach an agreement.
72
What is the Conduct Procurement Process?
The process of obtaining seller responses, selecting a seller, and awarding a contract.
73
What does the Cone of Uncertainty describe?
The difficulty of estimating early due to unknowns, which improves over time.
74
What is a Configuration Item?
Any component that needs to be managed for successful project delivery.
75
What is Configuration Management?
A tool used to manage changes to a product or service being produced.
76
What is a Configuration Management Plan?
A component that describes how to identify and account for project artifacts under configuration control.
77
What is a Configuration Management System?
A collection of procedures used to track project artifacts and manage changes.
78
What is Conflict in project management?
Difference of opinion or agenda among team members or stakeholders.
79
Define Conflict Management.
The application of strategies for dealing with disagreements that may harm team performance.
80
What is Conflict Resolution?
The process of reaching an agreement after a conflict arises.
81
What is Consensus in decision-making?
A group decision technique where the group supports an outcome despite individual disagreements.
82
What is a Constraint?
An external factor that limits planning abilities.
83
What is a Context Diagram?
A visual depiction of product scope showing how systems and actors interact.
84
What is a Contingency Plan?
A risk response strategy developed in advance for identified risks.
85
What is a Contingency Reserve?
Time or money allocated for known risks with active response strategies.
86
What is Contingency Theory?
A theory stating that a project manager's skills may be effective in one environment but not in another.
87
What does Continuous Improvement (CI) entail?
Ongoing efforts to improve products, services, or processes.
88
What is Continuous Integration?
The practice of regularly merging all software code into a shared environment.
89
Define Continuous Process Improvement.
A systematic effort to improve products, services, or processes in an organization.
90
What is a Contract?
A mutually binding agreement obligating the seller to provide services and the buyer to pay for them.
91
What is a Contract Change Control System?
The system for collecting, tracking, and communicating changes to a contract.
92
What is a Control Account?
A management control point integrating scope, budget, cost, and schedule for performance measurement.
93
What are Control Charts?
Graphic displays used to analyze and communicate process variability over time.
94
What is the Control Costs Process?
Monitoring and controlling project costs to align with the cost baseline.
95
What is the Control Procurements Process?
Managing procurement relationships and monitoring contract performance.
96
What is the Control Quality Process?
Focusing on the quality of deliverables within the Monitoring and Controlling Process Group.
97
What is the Control Resources Process?
Ensuring the flow and usage of physical resources align with the plan.
98
What is the Control Schedule Process?
Comparing planned work to actual work within the Monitoring and Controlling Process Group.
99
What is the Control Scope Process?
Ensuring that changes to scope are properly controlled.
100
What is a Controlling PMO?
A type of PMO that provides support and requires compliance with project management frameworks.
101
What is Corrective Action?
Steps taken to align future results with the plan.
102
What is Cost Aggregation?
Summing lower-level cost estimates associated with work packages.
103
What is a Cost Baseline?
The approved version of the time-phased project budget, used for comparison to actual results.
104
What is Cost-Benefit Analysis?
A financial analysis method comparing benefits provided by a project against its costs.
105
What is a Cost Forecast?
Cost estimates adjusted based on performance.
106
What does a Cost Management Plan describe?
How costs will be planned, structured, and controlled.
107
What is the Cost of Conformance?
Money spent to avoid failures, including prevention and appraisal costs.
108
What is the Cost of Non-Conformance?
Money spent after project completion due to failures.
109
What does Cost of Quality (CoQ) include?
All costs incurred over the product's life related to preventing nonconformance and appraisal.
110
What is the Cost Performance Index (CPI)?
A measure of cost efficiency expressed as the ratio of earned value to actual cost.
111
What is a Cost Plus Award Fee (CPAF) contract?
A contract involving payments for actual costs plus an award fee.
112
What is a Cost Plus Fixed Fee (CPFF) contract?
A contract where the buyer reimburses the seller for allowable costs plus a fixed fee.
113
What is a Cost Plus Incentive Fee (CPIF) contract?
A contract where the buyer reimburses allowable costs and the seller earns profit if performance criteria are met.
114
What is Cost Variance (CV)?
The difference between earned value and actual cost at a given time.
115
What is a Cost-Reimbursable Contract?
A contract involving payment for actual costs plus a fee representing the seller's profit.
116
What does Crashing entail in project management?
Applying additional resources to complete work more quickly, usually increasing costs.
117
What is the Create WBS Process?
The process of creating the work-break-down structure and WBS dictionary.
118
Define Critical Path.
The sequence of activities determining the shortest possible duration of a project.
119
What is a Critical Path Activity?
Any activity on the critical path in a project schedule.
120
What is the Critical Path Method (CPM)?
A technique to analyze schedule activities and determine float or slack.
121
What is a Cross-Functional Team?
Teams that have all capabilities to deliver assigned work.
122
What does the Crystal Family of Methodologies refer to?
A collection of lightweight agile software development methods focused on adaptability.
123
What is Cultural Awareness?
Understanding cultural differences to adapt communication strategies.
124
Who is considered a Customer in project management?
The individual or organization that accepts the deliverable(s) or product.
125
What is Cycle Time?
The period from the start to the completion of a task.
126
What is a Daily Standup?
A short meeting for quick status updates among the team.
127
What does Data refer to?
Gathered empirical information, especially facts and numbers.
128
What is Data Analysis?
The act of scrutinizing facts and numbers for decision-making purposes.
129
What are Data Gathering techniques?
Methods to solicit and document ideas, such as interviews and surveys.
130
What is Data Representation?
A way of depicting data visually to aid communication.
131
What are De Facto Regulations?
Regulations widely accepted and adopted through use.
132
What are De Jure Regulations?
Regulations mandated by law or approved by experts.
133
What is Debriefing?
An informal discussion of a project's positives and negatives.
134
What is Decision Making?
The process of selecting a course of action from multiple options.
135
What is Decision Tree Analysis?
A diagramming technique for evaluating implications of decisions.
136
What are De Jure Regulations?
Regulations that are mandated by law or have been approved by a recognized body of experts.
## Footnote
These regulations are legally binding and must be followed.
137
What is Debriefing?
An informal, collaborative means of discussing the positives and the negatives of a project, including technology issues, people issues, vendor relationships, and organizational culture.
## Footnote
It helps teams learn and improve for future projects.
138
Define Decision Making.
The process of selecting a course of action from among multiple options.
## Footnote
This can involve evaluating risks and benefits.
139
What is Decision Tree Analysis?
A diagramming and calculation technique for evaluating the implications of a chain of multiple options in the presence of uncertainty.
## Footnote
It helps visualize different possible outcomes and their probabilities.
140
What is Decomposition in project management?
A technique used for dividing and subdividing the project scope and project deliverables into smaller, more manageable parts.
141
What does the acronym DEEP stand for in agile projects?
* Detailed
* Estimable
* Emergent
* Prioritize
## Footnote
These attributes describe a desirable product backlog.
142
What is the Define Activities Process?
Part of the Planning Process Group, this process defines the activities (tasks) necessary to complete work packages/stories.
143
What does the Define Scope Process produce?
The scope statement that depicts a detailed and complete understanding of the project’s vision.
144
What is the Definition of Done (DoD)?
A team’s checklist of all the criteria required to be met so that a deliverable can be considered ready for customer use.
145
What is the Definition of Ready (DoR)?
A team’s checklist for a user-centric requirement that has all the information the team needs to be able to begin working on it.
146
What is a Deliverable?
Any unique and verifiable product, result, or capability used to perform a service required to complete a process, phase, or project.
147
What is the Delphi Technique?
A form of gathering expert opinions in which members of a group are asked or polled anonymously.
148
What is a Demo in project management?
A review at the end of each iteration with the product owner and other customer stakeholders to review progress and get feedback.
149
Define Dependency in project management.
A relationship between one or more tasks/activities, which may be mandatory or discretionary, internal or external.
150
What does Design for X (DfX) refer to?
A set of technical guidelines applied during product design for optimizing a specific aspect of the design.
151
What is Design of Experiments (DoE)?
A data analysis technique to determine the optimal condition, typically used with multiple variables.
152
What does the Determine Budget Process produce?
The cost baseline/project budget.
153
What is DevOps?
A collection of practices for creating a smooth flow of delivery by improving collaboration between development and operations staff.
154
What is the purpose of the Develop Project Charter process?
To produce the project charter, which officially starts the project.
155
What does the Develop Project Management Plan Process involve?
A planning process that serves as a guide on how the project will be managed, composed of 19 components.
156
What is the Develop Schedule Process?
Part of the Planning Process Group, this process arranges activities to create the schedule baseline.
157
What does the Develop Team Process aim to achieve?
Enhance and empower the team to improve teamwork and individual skills.
158
What are Diagramming Techniques?
Various means of depicting a system or concept that indicate entities, relationships, and interactions.
159
What is a Dictatorship in group decision-making?
A technique in which one person makes the decision for the entire group.
160
What is the Direct and Manage Project Work Process?
A Monitoring and Controlling process that reviews the entire project and analyzes planned vs. actual performance.
161
What are Direct Costs?
Costs reported against the project, including salaries, materials, and other expenses, excluding shared or overhead expenses.
162
What are Directions of Influence?
A classification model that groups stakeholders based on how they influence the project: upwards, downwards, outwards, sidewards.
163
What is a Directive PMO?
A type of PMO that takes control of projects by directly managing them.
164
What does Disaggregation refer to in project management?
Breaking down epics or large stories into smaller stories, similar to decomposition.
165
What is a Discretionary Dependency?
A relationship established based on best practices within a particular application area or desired sequence.
166
What is Document Analysis?
A technique used to gain project requirements from current document evaluation.
167
What does Duration refer to in project management?
The amount of time needed to complete an activity/task or work package.
168
169
What does Early Finish represent in a networking diagram?
The earliest date that the activity can finish.
170
What does Early Start represent in a networking diagram?
The earliest date that the activity can start.
171
Define Earned Value (EV).
A measure of work performed expressed in terms of the budget authorized for that work.
172
What is Earned Value Management (EVM)?
A methodology that combines scope, schedule, and resource measurements to assess project performance and progress.
173
What are Enterprise Environmental Factors (EEFs)?
Any or all environmental factors either internal or external to the project that can influence the project's success.
174
What does Effect-Based Risk Classification analyze?
The major risks inherent to a project that could impact its success, including time, cost, quality, and scope.
175
What is Effort in project management?
The number of labor units required to complete a scheduled activity or WBS component.
176
What does Elapsed Time refer to?
The actual calendar time required for an activity from start to finish.
177
Define Emotional Intelligence (EI).
The ability to identify, assess, and manage personal emotions and the emotions of others.
178
What is Empathy in the context of Emotional Intelligence?
The ability to understand others’ viewpoints and be a team player.
179
What does Empowerment mean in agile teams?
The quality of granting or being granted decision-making capabilities to team members.
180
What is an Engagement Roadmap?
A guideline based on stakeholder analysis that sets forth processes for engaging with stakeholders.
181
What does Enhance mean in risk management?
A strategy to increase the probability and impact of positive risks or opportunities.
182
Define Epic in agile methodology.
A block of work with one common objective, such as a feature or business requirement.
183
What does Escalate mean in project management?
The act of seeking intervention in response to a threat outside the project manager’s authority.
184
What is an Estimate in project management?
A number or figure that denotes cost or time.
185
What is the Estimate Activity Durations Process?
A planning process that determines the time needed to complete a work package or activity.
186
What is the Estimate Activity Resources Process?
A process that estimates the materials and human resources needed for project activities.
187
What does Estimate at Completion (EAC) represent?
The expected total cost of completing all work expressed as the sum of actual costs to date and estimates to complete.
188
What is the Estimate Costs Process?
A process that determines the financial estimate for each work package or activity.
189
What does Estimate to Complete (ETC) indicate?
The expected cost of finishing all the remaining project work.
190
What is the Executing Process Group?
Processes performed to complete the work defined in the project management plan.
191
What is an Exit Gate?
A logical point at the end of a project phase for reviewing deliverables before initiating the next phase.
192
Define Expectancy Theory.
A motivational theory proposing that teams make choices based on expected outcomes.
193
What is Expected Monetary Value (EMV)?
A method of calculating the average outcome when the future is uncertain.
194
What is Expert Judgment?
Judgment provided based on expertise in a specific area relevant to the activity being performed.
195
What is Explicit Knowledge?
Knowledge that can be codified using symbols and easily documented and shared.
196
What does Exploit mean in risk management?
A strategy to ensure that a positive opportunity happens.
197
Define External Dependency.
Activity dependencies that exist between project activities and non-project activities.
198
What is Extreme Programming (XP)?
Agile methodology in which iterations last for one week and programmers work in pairs.
199
What are Facilitated Workshops?
Organized sessions to determine project requirements and gain stakeholder agreement.
200
Define Facilitation.
A skill used to guide a group toward a successful conclusion.
201
What is Fast Tracking?
A schedule compression technique where activities are performed in parallel.
202
What is a Feature in agile methodology?
A group of stories that delivers value to the customer.
203
What is the Fibonacci Sequence?
A mathematical sequence used in agile estimating techniques.
204
What does Final Report summarize?
The project’s information on performance, scope, schedule, quality, cost, and risks.
205
What is Finish-to-Finish (FF)?
A logical relationship where a successor activity cannot finish until a predecessor activity has finished.
206
What is Finish-to-Start (FS)?
A logical relationship where a successor activity cannot start until a predecessor activity has finished.
207
Define Firm Fixed Price Contract (FFP).
A contract where the buyer pays a set amount regardless of the seller’s costs.
208
What is a Fishbone Diagram?
Also known as a Cause and Effect Diagram.
209
What is a Fixed Price Contract?
An agreement that sets the fee for a defined scope of work regardless of the cost.
210
Define Fixed Price Incentive Fee (FPIF) contract.
A contract where the seller can earn additional amounts for meeting performance criteria.
211
What is a Fixed Price with Economic Price Adjustment (FPEPA) contract?
A fixed-price contract with provisions for adjustments due to changing conditions.
212
What is Float in project management?
Also called slack; refers to the total float and free float.
213
What are Focus Groups?
An elicitation technique that gathers stakeholders to learn about their expectations.
214
What is the Forward Pass technique?
Calculating early start and early finish dates of schedule activities.
215
Define Free Float.
The amount of time an activity can be delayed without impacting subsequent activities.
216
What is a Functional Manager?
A supervisory role in a specialized area or department.
217
Define Functional Organization.
An organizational structure where staff is grouped by specialization.
218
What is Functionality in an agile context?
An action that the system performs that adds value to the customer or user.
219
What is Funding Limit Reconciliation?
The process of comparing planned expenditures against funding limits.
220
What is a Gantt Chart?
A bar chart showing schedule information with activities and their durations.
221
Who is a Generalizing Specialist?
A project team member with deep expertise and experience in many areas.
222
What does Gold Plating refer to?
Adding more scope than the customer requested.
223
What are Group Decision Techniques?
Team techniques to reach consensus or decision.
224
Define Growth Mindset.
The belief that a person's capacities can be improved over time.
225
What are Ground Rules in project management?
Expectations regarding acceptable behavior by team members.
226
What is a Hardening Iteration?
An iteration dedicated to stabilizing the code base without adding new functionality.
227
What is Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory?
A theory proposing that hygiene factors can affect job satisfaction and performance.
228
What is a Histogram?
A chart that graphically represents numerical data.
229
What is Historical Information?
Archived information from previous projects used for various purposes.
230
What does Ideal Time refer to?
Time to complete a task assuming no interruptions.
231
What is the Identify Risks process?
The process of identifying individual project risks and documenting their characteristics.
232
What is the Identify Stakeholders process?
The process of identifying project stakeholders and analyzing their relevant information.
233
Define Impediment in project management.
An obstacle that prevents the team from achieving its objectives.
234
What is the Implement Risk Response Process?
The process of executing agreed-upon risk response plans.
235
What is an Increment?
A functional, tested, and accepted deliverable that is part of the overall project outcome.
236
What is Incremental Delivery?
The concept of delivering functionality in small pieces or stages.
237
What is Incremental Life Cycle?
An adaptive project life cycle producing deliverables through iterations.
238
What are Independent Estimates?
Estimates generated by experts outside the project for comparison.
239
What are Indirect Costs?
Costs not directly expended for the project’s benefit.
240
What is an Influence Diagram?
A graphical representation showing causal influences and relationships among variables.
241
What is an Influence/Impact Grid?
A classification model grouping stakeholders based on their involvement and impact.
242
Define Influencing in project management.
The act of presenting a case to explain why a decision should be handled a certain way.
243
What is Information in project management?
Data that has been analyzed and organized to make it meaningful.
244
What is Information Management?
A system for collaboration, sharing, and capturing project work.
245
What is an Information Management System?
A way to collect, manage, and distribute project information.
246
What is an Information Radiator?
Visual displays placed in a visible location to show the latest information.
247
What is the Initiating Process Group?
Processes to define a new project or phase by obtaining authorization.
248
What is Input in project management?
Something needed by a process to create the process output.
249
What is Inspection in project management?
Reviewing functionality against the plan.
250
Define Insurable Risk.
A risk with potential loss but no potential gain, for which insurance can be purchased.
251
What are Interactions in an agile context?
Face-to-face conversations between team members and stakeholders.
252
What is Interactive Communication?
An exchange of information ensuring common understanding among participants.
253
What is an Internal Dependency?
Activity dependency that exists between project activities under the project's control.
254
Define Internal Rate of Return (IRR).
The interest rate that makes the net present value of all cash flows equal to zero.
255
What are Interpersonal Skills?
Skills used to establish and maintain relationships with others.
256
What is an Interview in project management?
An approach to elicit information from stakeholders by talking with them directly.
257
What does INVEST stand for?
Independent, Negotiable, Valuable, Estimable, Small, Testable.
258
What is an Invitation for Bid (IFB)?
A procurement document used for commodities with clear specifications.
259
What does the acronym INVEST stand for?
Independent, Negotiable, Valuable, Estimable, Small, Testable
## Footnote
INVEST describes the desirable attributes of a good story.
260
What is an Invitation for Bid (IFB)?
A type of procurement document used for commodities with clear specifications and large quantities
## Footnote
IFBs are typically advertised, and any seller may submit a bid. Negotiation is not anticipated.
261
What is another name for the Ishikawa Diagram?
Cause and Effect Diagram
262
Define an issue in project management.
A current condition or situation that may impact project objectives
263
What is an Issue Log?
A record used to monitor active issues assigned to responsible parties for follow-up and resolution
264
What is an iteration in project management?
A timeboxed cycle of development on a product or deliverable
265
What is the Iteration Backlog?
The work committed to be performed during a given iteration that does not carry over to the next iteration
266
What characterizes an Iterative Life Cycle?
Project scope is determined early, but time and cost estimates are modified as understanding increases
267
What is Job Shadowing?
Techniques used to gain knowledge of a specific job role to understand project requirements
268
What is Joint Application Design (JAD)?
Workshops that include SMEs and development teams to improve the software development process
269
What does Kaizen refer to?
Continuous improvement of all project processes involving all stakeholders
270
What does the term Kanban mean?
Signal
271
What is the purpose of a Kanban Board?
To visualize work flow and improve the flow of work by making bottlenecks visible
272
What is the Kano Model used for?
To classify customer requirements or features into four categories
273
Define Key Performance Indicator (KPI).
A set metric used to evaluate performance against project vision and objectives
274
What is a Kill Point?
A stage gate or phase review point to evaluate project progress and decide on continuation or cancellation
275
What is a Knowledge Area in project management?
An area defined by its knowledge requirements and described in terms of processes, practices, and techniques
276
What is Knowledge Management?
A business area dedicated to connecting individuals to shared knowledge and collaboration
277
What does Lag refer to in project management?
The amount of time a successor activity is delayed with respect to a preceding activity
278
What is the Late Finish of an activity?
The latest date an activity can finish without delaying the project
279
What is a Late Start in project management?
The latest a project activity can start without rescheduling the early finish
280
Define Lead in project management.
The amount of time a successor activity can be advanced with respect to a predecessor activity
281
What is Leadership?
The ability to guide others to achieve results
282
What does Leading involve?
Establishing direction, aligning the team to a vision, and motivating them to achieve objectives
283
What is Lead Time?
The period from when a task is placed on the board until delivery
284
What does Lean focus on?
Achieving outcomes with little or no waste
285
What is Lean Six Sigma?
A collaborative method targeting customer needs and measuring performance during project execution
286
Define Legitimate Power.
Authority granted to an individual due to their position within a group or organization
287
What are Lessons Learned?
Knowledge gained during a project on how events were addressed for future improvement
288
What is a Lessons Learned Register?
A project document used to record knowledge gained during a project
289
What is a Lessons Learned Repository?
A central store of historical lessons learned information from various projects
290
What is Life Cycle Costing (LCC)?
An approach assessing total cost of an asset over its life cycle, including initial and maintenance costs
291
What does Logical Relationship refer to?
Relations between elements of discourse that constitute rationality
292
What is Majority in decision-making?
A group decision-making method in which a course of action is agreed upon by a pre-defined quorum.
293
Define Make-or-Buy Analysis.
The process of gathering and organizing data about product/service requirements and analyzing data against available alternatives including the purchase or internal manufacture of the project.
294
What are Make-or-Buy Decisions?
Decisions made regarding the external purchase versus internal manufacture of a product.
295
What does Manage Communications refer to?
The process of creating, collecting, distributing, storing, retrieving, and the ultimate disposition of project information in accordance with the communications management plan defined within the project.
296
Explain Manage Project Knowledge.
The process of using existing knowledge and creating new knowledge to achieve project objectives and contribute to organizational learning.
297
What is the goal of Manage Project Quality?
To continually measure the quality of all activities and take corrective action until the desired quality is achieved.
298
What is the key benefit of Manage Project Team?
It influences team behavior, manages conflict, resolves issues, and appraises team member performance.
299
What does Manage Stakeholder Engagement Process involve?
Communicating and working with stakeholders to meet their needs/expectations and foster appropriate stakeholder engagement in project activities.
300
Define Management Reserve.
An amount of the project budget held outside of the performance measurement baseline for management control purposes.
301
What is Managing in project management?
The exercise of executive control or authority.
302
What is a Mandatory Dependency?
A relationship that is contractually required or inherent in the nature of the work.
303
What is Market Research?
The process of evaluating the feasibility of a new product or service through research conducted directly with potential consumers.
304
What does Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs explain?
A theory of psychology explaining human motivation based on the pursuit of different levels of needs in a hierarchical order.
305
What is a Matrix Organization?
An organizational structure in which the project manager shares responsibility with the functional managers for directing the work of individuals assigned to the project.
306
What does McClelland's Three Needs Theory state?
Every person has one of three main driving motivators: the needs for achievement, affiliation, or power.
307
What is a Milestone in project management?
A specific point within a project life cycle used as a measure in the progress toward the ultimate goal.
308
Define Milestone Charts.
A graphical representation of milestones in a project schedule bar chart.
309
What is a Milestone List?
A document that contains the milestones of a project.
310
What is Mind Mapping?
A graphical technique used to consolidate ideas created through individual brainstorming sessions into a single map.
311
What is Minimum Business Increment (MBI)?
The smallest amount of value that can be added to a product or service that benefits the business.
312
What is a Minimum Viable Product (MVP)?
The smallest collection of features that can be included in a product for customers to consider it functional.
313
What does Mitigate mean in risk management?
A strategy for managing negative risks that involves taking action to reduce the probability or impact of a risk.
314
What is Modeling in project management?
An approach used in schedule management and risk management to identify problems or areas of risk before they occur.
315
What is Monitor and Control Project Work?
The process of tracking, reviewing, and reporting the overall progress to meet the performance objectives defined in the project management plan.
316
What is the Monitor and Controlling Process Group?
One of five Project Management Process Groups that measure work results against the plan and make adjustments where variance exists.
317
What does Monitor Communications Process determine?
If the planned communications artifacts and activities have had the desired effect of increasing or maintaining stakeholders’ support.
318
What is the purpose of Monitor Risks?
To monitor the implementation of agreed-upon risk response plans and evaluate risk process effectiveness throughout the project.
319
What does Monitor Stakeholder Engagement Process involve?
Monitoring project stakeholder relationships and tailoring strategies for engaging stakeholders as the project evolves.
320
What is Monte Carlo Analysis?
A simulation technique used to compute total project cost and schedule using various scenarios.
321
What is Monte Carlo Simulation used for?
To estimate the impacts of various risks on the project cost and timeline.
322
What is Moscow Analysis?
A prioritization technique used to reach a common understanding on the importance of delivering each requirement.
323
Define Motivation in project management.
The inner drive or external encouragement that keeps people involved and wanting to complete work of high quality.
324
What is Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis?
A technique that utilizes a decision matrix to evaluate and rank many ideas based on established criteria.
325
What does Negative Float refer to?
The amount of time that must be saved to bring the project to completion on time.
326
What are Negotiated Settlements?
The product of negotiation, representing a final, equitable, mutually agreed disposition of all outstanding issues.
327
What is Negotiation?
An approach used to come to an agreement or resolution that is mutually agreed by all parties.
328
Define Net Present Value (NPV).
The difference between the present value of cash inflows and cash outflows over a period of time.
329
What does Net Promoter Score (NPS) measure?
A customer’s willingness to recommend a provider’s products or services on a scale of -100 to 100.
330
What is a Network Diagram?
A graph that shows the activities, duration, and interdependencies of tasks within a project.
331
What does a Node represent in project management?
The start or end of an activity in a sequence.
332
What is the Nominal Group Technique?
A technique that enhances brainstorming with a voting process to rank the most useful ideas.
333
What are Nonfunctional Requirements (NFRs)?
System attributes such as security, reliability, and performance that serve as constraints on system design.
334
Define Non-Verbal Communication.
The use of body language and other means besides the spoken word to communicate.
335
What are Observations in project management?
Techniques used to gain knowledge of a specific job role, task, or function to understand project requirements.
336
What is an Opportunity in project management?
A risk that, if developed, could create a positive effect on one or more project objectives.
337
Define Opportunity Cost.
The missed opportunity when deciding to use a resource for one purpose versus another.
338
What is an Organizational Chart?
A diagram that shows the structure of an organization and the relationships between its parts.
339
What is Organizational Culture?
The underlying beliefs, assumptions, values, and behaviors that define the unique environment of an organization.
340
What are Organizational Process Assets (OPA)?
All the implicit input or assets on processes used by an organization in operating a business.
341
What does Organizational Silo refer to?
When employees or a department are isolated and refuse to share information with others.
342
What is Organizational Theory?
The study of how people, teams, and organizations behave to maximize efficiency and productivity.
343
Define Osmotic Communication.
Communication that occurs informally or indirectly through means such as overhearing.
344
What is Output in project management?
A product, result, or service generated by a process.
345
What does Outsourcing involve?
Securing services and expertise from an outside source on a contract or short-term basis.
346
What are Overlapping Relationships?
Phase-to-phase relationships characterized by concurrent activities in different phases.
347
What are Paralingual Communications?
The effects of pitch, tone, and inflections in the sender's voice on the message being sent.
348
Define Parametric Estimating.
An estimating technique using an algorithm to calculate cost or duration based on historical data.
349
What is a Pareto Chart?
A histogram used to rank causes of problems in a hierarchical format.
350
What is a Path in project management?
The sequence of project network activities.
351
What is Payback Period?
The interval required to amass the initial investment made for a project.
352
What does PDCA/PDSA stand for?
Plan Do Check/Study Act – a process used to solve problems and implement solutions.
353
What is Penalty Power?
The ability to gain support because project personnel perceive the project manager as capable of dispensing penalties.
354
What does Perform Integrated Change Control involve?
Reviewing all change requests, approving changes, and managing changes to deliverables and project documents.
355
What is Perform Qualitative Risk Analysis?
A process used to identify individual risks by assessing their probability of occurrence and impact.
356
What does Perform Quantitative Risk Analysis analyze?
The effect of identified risks on overall project objectives.
357
Define Persona in project management.
An imaginary person or identity created to model interactions with the system to gather requirements.
358
What is a Phase in project management?
A collection of activities within a project that ends at a milestone.
359
What is a Phase Gate?
A point review at the end of a phase to decide on the next steps for the project.
360
What does Plan Communications Management involve?
Developing an appropriate approach and plan for project communications activities.
361
What is Plan Cost Management?
The process of defining how project costs will be estimated, budgeted, managed, monitored, and controlled.
362
What is Plan Procurement Management Process?
The process of documenting project procurement decisions and identifying potential sellers.
363
What does Plan Quality Management involve?
Identifying quality requirements and documenting how compliance will be demonstrated.
364
What is Plan Resource Management?
The process of defining how to estimate, acquire, manage, and use team and physical resources.
365
What does Plan Risk Management entail?
Defining how to conduct risk management activities for a project.
366
What is the purpose of the Plan Resource Management process?
Defines how to estimate, acquire, manage, and use team and physical resources
## Footnote
Establishes the approach and management effort needed based on project type and complexity.
367
What is the key benefit of the Plan Risk Management process?
Ensures the degree, type, and visibility of risk management are proportionate to risks and project importance
## Footnote
Conducted at predefined points in the project.
368
What does the Plan Schedule Management process establish?
Policies, procedures, and documentation for planning, developing, managing, executing, and controlling the project schedule
## Footnote
Provides guidance on managing the project schedule.
369
What is included in the Plan Scope Management process?
Creates a scope management plan that documents how project and product scope will be defined, validated, and controlled
## Footnote
Provides guidance on managing scope throughout the project.
370
What is Planned Value (PV)?
The approved value of the work to be completed for a specific period of time.
371
What is a Planning Package in project management?
A WBS component below the control account with known work content but without detailed schedule activities.
372
What is Planning Poker?
An Agile exercise to help the team estimate work.
373
What does the Project Management Process Groups refer to?
Five logic-oriented groupings of project management processes:
* Initiation
* Planning
* Executing
* Monitoring and Controlling
* Closing
374
What is PMBOK®?
Project Management Body of Knowledge, a collection of processes, best practices, terminologies, and guidelines accepted as standard in project management.
375
What is the purpose of the Political Awareness skill in project management?
Recognizing the power structure internal to the organization and navigating relationships.
376
What does Portfolio Management entail?
Centralized management of one or more portfolios to achieve strategic objectives.
377
What is the Power/Influence Grid?
A classification model that groups stakeholders based on their levels of authority and involvement in the project.
378
What is the Precedence Diagramming Method (PDM)?
A technique used to create the network diagram, linking activities to show their sequence.
379
What is the Predictive Life Cycle in project management?
An approach where activities are completed in a linear fashion, with value delivered at project completion.
380
What does Present Value (PV) refer to?
The current value of a future sum of money or cash flows given a specific rate of return.
381
What is a Preventative Action?
Action taken to proactively prevent or avoid anticipated future problems.
382
What is the concept of Prevention in quality management?
Indicates that quality should be planned for from the start to avoid problems.
383
What is a Probability and Impact Matrix?
A grid for mapping the probability of occurrence of each risk and its impact on project objectives.
384
What is a Procurement Audit?
The review of procurement contracts and processes for completeness, accuracy, and effectiveness.
385
What does the Project Management Plan describe?
How the project will be executed, monitored, controlled, and closed.
386
What is the Project Charter?
A document that formally authorizes the existence of a project and provides the project manager with authority.
387
What is the definition of a Projectized Organization?
A structure where a project manager and core team operate as a separate unit within the parent organization.
388
What is the role of a Project Manager?
The person assigned to lead the team responsible for achieving project goals and objectives.
389
What is Qualitative Risk Analysis?
A technique used to determine the probability of occurrence and impact of identified risks.
390
What is Quality in the context of project management?
The degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfills requirements.
391
What is the purpose of a Quality Audit?
To determine if project activities comply with organizational and project policies, processes, and procedures.
392
What is Quality Function Deployment (QFD)?
Workshops used to determine new product development requirements.
393
What is the definition of a Project Phase?
A collection of logically related project activities culminating in the completion of deliverables.
394
What is a Project Team?
A set of individuals performing the work of the project to achieve its objectives.
395
Fill in the blank: The _______ is a document that describes the agreed-upon conditions or capabilities of a product, service, or outcome that a project is designed to satisfy.
Project Requirements
396
What is the Qualified Vendors List?
Contains details regarding vendors who meet the organization’s requirements and to whom requests can be sent.
## Footnote
This list helps in streamlining the vendor selection process.
397
Define Qualitative Risk Analysis.
A technique used to determine the probability of occurrence and the impact of identified risk.
## Footnote
This analysis is often the first step in risk assessment.
398
What does Quality refer to in project management?
The degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfills requirements.
## Footnote
Quality is essential for customer satisfaction and project success.
399
What is a Quality Audit?
A structured, independent process to determine if project activities comply with organizational and project policies, processes, and procedures.
## Footnote
Audits help ensure adherence to standards and identify areas for improvement.
400
What is Quality Function Deployment (QFD)?
Workshops that are commonly used in the manufacturing field to determine new product development requirements.
## Footnote
QFD helps translate customer needs into engineering characteristics.
401
What is a Quality Gate?
A special type of gate located before a phase that is strongly dependent upon the outcome of a previous phase.
## Footnote
It formalizes the transition between stages in the project life cycle.
402
What is included in a Quality Management Plan?
A component of the project or program management plan that describes how applicable policies, procedures, and guidelines will be implemented to achieve the quality objectives.
## Footnote
The plan outlines the quality assurance and quality control processes.
403
Define Quality Metric.
A description of a project or product attribute and how to measure it.
## Footnote
Metrics are crucial for assessing the effectiveness of quality management efforts.
404
What is a Quality Policy?
The basic principles that should govern the organization’s actions as it implements its system for quality management.
## Footnote
This policy sets the direction for quality-related activities.
405
What is a Quality Report?
A project document that includes quality management issues, recommendations for corrective actions, and a summary of findings from quality control activities.
## Footnote
It may also include recommendations for process, project, and product improvements.
406
Define Quantitative Risk Analysis.
Technique used to assess the risk exposure events to overall project objectives and determine the confidence levels of achieving the project objectives.
## Footnote
This analysis provides a numerical estimate of risk impact.
407
What are Questionnaires?
Written sets of questions designed to quickly gather information from many respondents.
## Footnote
They are often used in surveys and research to collect data efficiently.
408
What does RACI stand for?
Responsible, Accountable, Consulted, and Informed. A common type of responsibility assignment matrix (RAM) that uses responsible, accountable, consult, and inform statuses to define the involvement of stakeholders in project activities.
409
What is the focus of Recognition?
Behavior rather than outcome
410
What is Refactoring in software development?
Improving the design of the code for easier testing, debugging, and maintenance
411
Define Referent Power.
Establishing trust, respect, and credibility with people
412
What are Regulations?
Requirements imposed by a governmental body
413
What is Relative Authority?
Project manager’s authority relative to the functional manager’s authority
414
What does Relative Estimating refer to?
Estimating stories or backlog tasks in relation to each other
415
What is a Release Plan?
Sets expectations for dates, features, and outcomes a project expects to deliver
416
What is Release Planning?
Identifying a high-level plan for releasing a product or deliverable
417
What are Reports in project management?
A formal record or summary of information
418
Define Request for Information (RFI).
A procurement document requesting information from a potential seller
419
What is a Request for Proposal (RFP)?
A procurement document used to request proposals from prospective sellers
420
What does Request for Quotation (RFQ) mean?
A procurement document used to request price quotations from sellers
421
What is a Requirement in project management?
A measurable condition or capability needed to satisfy a business need
422
What does Requirements Documentation describe?
How individual requirements meet the business need for the project
423
What is the Requirements Management Plan?
Describes how requirements will be analyzed, documented, and managed
424
What is a Requirements Traceability Matrix?
A grid linking product requirements from their origin to deliverables
425
What does Reserve refer to in project management?
Provision to mitigate cost and/or schedule risk
426
What is Reserve Analysis?
Evaluating the amount of risk and reserve needed for a project
427
Define Residual Risk.
Risk that remains after risk responses have been implemented
428
What is a Resource?
Skilled individuals, equipment, services, supplies, or funds required for work
429
What does Resource Breakdown Structure represent?
A hierarchical representation of resources by category and type
430
What is a Resource Calendar?
Identifies the working days and shifts for specific resources
431
What does Resource Histogram depict?
A bar chart representing when a resource will be needed
432
What is Resource Levelling?
A technique to optimize resource allocation affecting the critical path
433
What does Resource Management Plan describe?
How project resources are acquired, allocated, monitored, and controlled
434
What are Resource Optimization Techniques?
Adjusting activity dates to balance resource demand with available supply
435
What are Resource requirements?
Types and quantities of resources required for each activity
436
What is Resource Smoothing?
Using free and total float without affecting the critical path
437
What does Responsibility Assignment Matrix (RAM) show?
Project resources assigned to each work package
438
What is a Retrospective in Agile?
Meeting to review process and results for continuous improvement
439
What is Return on Investment (ROI)?
A financial metric of profitability measuring gain or loss from an investment
440
Define Reward in project management.
A tangible item given based on a specific outcome or achievement
441
What is a Reward and Recognition Plan?
Formalized way to reinforce performance or behavior
442
What does Rework mean?
Action to bring a defective component into compliance
443
What is a Risk in project management?
An event or condition of uncertainty affecting project objectives
444
Define Risk Acceptance.
Acknowledging the risk without taking action unless it occurs
445
What is Risk Appetite?
Degree of uncertainty an organization is willing to accept
446
What does Risk Avoidance entail?
Acting to eliminate the threat or protect the project from impact
447
What is a Risk Breakdown Structure (RBS)?
Hierarchical representation of potential sources of risk
448
What does Risk Categorization involve?
Organizing risks by sources or project areas affected
449
What is a Risk Category?
Group of potential causes of risk
450
What is Risk Enhancement?
Increasing the probability of occurrence or impact of an opportunity
451
What does Risk Exploiting mean?
Ensuring that an opportunity occurs
452
What is Risk Exposure?
Aggregate measure of potential impact of all risks
453
What does Risk Impact refer to?
Likely effect on project objectives if a risk event occurs
454
What is a Risk Management Plan?
Describes how risk management activities will be structured and performed
455
What does Risk Mitigation involve?
Decreasing the probability or impact of a threat
456
Who is a Risk Owner?
Person responsible for monitoring the risk and implementing responses
457
What is Risk Probability?
Likelihood that a risk event will occur
458
What is a Risk Register?
Repository for outputs of risk management processes
459
What does Risk Response Plan involve?
Reducing risks and their potential impacts through mitigation techniques
460
What is Risk Sharing?
Allocating ownership of an opportunity to a third party
461
What is a Risk Threshold?
Level of risk exposure above which risks are addressed
462
What does Risk Transference mean?
Shifting the impact of a threat to a third party
463
What is a Risk Workshop?
Meeting for identifying project risks with stakeholders
464
Define Role in project management.
A human-driven function in a work setting
465
What is Rolling Wave Planning?
Iterative planning technique for near-term detailed work and future high-level work
466
What is Root Cause Analysis?
Technique to determine the basic underlying reason for a variance or defect
467
What does SAFe® stand for?
Scaled Agile Framework for enterprise-scale lean-agile development
468
What is the Salience Model?
Classifies stakeholders by authority, needs, and appropriate involvement
469
What is a Schedule Baseline?
Approved version of a schedule model for comparison to actual results
470
What does Schedule Compression refer to?
Shortening schedule duration without reducing project scope
471
What is Schedule Forecast?
Estimates of future conditions and events in the project
472
What is a Schedule Management Plan?
Establishes criteria for developing, monitoring, and controlling the schedule
473
What is Schedule Performance Index (SPI)?
Measure of schedule efficiency as the ratio of earned value to planned value
474
What does Schedule Variance (SV) measure?
Difference between earned value and planned value
475
What is a Scope Baseline?
Approved version of scope statement and WBS for comparison to actual results
476
Define Scope Creep.
Uncontrolled expansion of project scope without adjustments
477
What is a Scope Management Plan?
Describes how the scope will be defined, developed, monitored, and controlled
478
What does a Scope Statement include?
Details about project deliverables and major objectives
479
What is Scrum?
An agile framework for developing complex products
480
Who is the Scrum Master?
The coach of the development team in the Scrum framework
481
What is Scrum of Scrums (SoS)?
Technique to operate Scrum at scale for multiple teams
482
What is a Scrum Team?
Self-managing, cross-functional individuals delivering finished work
483
What is a Secondary Risk?
Risk arising from implementing a risk response
484
What is a Self-Organizing Team?
Cross-functional team fluidly assuming leadership as needed
485
What is Sensitivity Analysis?
Determining which risks have the most impact on outcomes
486
What are Sequential Relationships?
Consecutive relationships between phases without overlap
487
Define Servant Leadership.
Leading by addressing team members' needs for performance
488
What is a Service-Level Agreement (SLA)?
Contract defining expected service levels from a provider
489
What does Share mean in risk management?
Allocating ownership of an opportunity to a third party
490
What is a Silo?
Organizational Silo
491
What is Simulation in project management?
Modeling uncertainties to evaluate their impact on objectives
492
What is Six Sigma?
A methodology for process improvement
493
What is a Skills List?
Details of all skills possessed by the team
494
What is Slack in project management?
Time a task can be delayed without affecting subsequent tasks
495
What is Smoothing in project management?
Resource Smoothing
496
What does SoS stand for?
Scrum of Scrums
497
What are Source Selection Criteria?
Attributes required by a buyer for contract selection
498
What is Source-Based Risk Classification?
Analyzing risk in terms of its origins
499
What is a Special Cause?
Factors affecting a system in project management
500
What is a Special Interval?
Period during a project when normal work may be suspended
501
What is a Spike in Agile?
Timeboxed work for gathering information rather than producing a product
502
What is a Sprint?
Short time interval for creating a usable product increment
503
What is a Sprint Backlog?
List of work items for completion during the Scrum sprint
504
What is Sprint Planning?
Collaborative event to plan work for the current sprint
505
What is a Sprint Retrospective?
Meeting to analyze what is working well and what can be improved
506
What is a Sprint Review?
Review of progress with stakeholders at the end of each iteration
507
What is Sprint Velocity?
Volume of work performed during a sprint
508
Who is a Stakeholder?
Any individual or group affected by project outcomes
509
What is Stakeholder Analysis?
Gathering and analyzing information about stakeholder interests
510
What is a Stakeholder Cube?
Three-dimensional model for grouping stakeholders
511
What is a Stakeholder Engagement Assessment Matrix?
Compares current and desired stakeholder engagement levels
512
What is a Stakeholder Engagement Plan?
Identifies strategies for stakeholder involvement in decision-making
513
What is a Stakeholder Register?
Document listing project stakeholders and their information
514
What is the Stakeholder Cube?
A three-dimensional classification model that groups stakeholders.
## Footnote
It builds on previous two-dimensional grids.
515
What does the Stakeholder Engagement Assessment Matrix do?
Compares current and desired stakeholder engagement levels.
## Footnote
It helps in assessing stakeholder involvement.
516
What is a Stakeholder Engagement Plan?
A component of the project management plan that identifies strategies for stakeholder involvement.
## Footnote
It is used to understand communication requirements and adapt to stakeholder participation.
517
What is included in a Stakeholder Register?
Identification, assessment, and classification of project stakeholders.
## Footnote
It is a critical project document.
518
Define Standard.
A document established by an authority as a model or example.
519
What is Standard Deviation (SD)?
A statistical concept that measures duration uncertainty and risk in project time estimation.
## Footnote
Represented by the Greek letter sigma (s).
520
What is Start-to-Finish (SF)?
A logical relationship where a predecessor activity cannot finish until a successor activity has started.
521
What is Start-to-Start (SS)?
A logical relationship where a successor activity cannot start until a predecessor activity has started.
522
What does the Statement of Work (SoW) describe?
Project work requirements, deliverables, scope, project details, and timelines for delivery.
523
What is Statistical Sampling?
Choosing part of a population of interest for inspection.
524
What is the Statistical Sampling Process?
Dividing sampling data into attribute and variable categories.
## Footnote
It helps in quality control and trend analysis.
525
Define Strategic Plan.
A high-level business document explaining an organization’s vision and mission with specific goals.
526
What is a Story in Agile framework?
The smallest unit of work, describing a product or feature from the end-user's perspective.
527
What is a Story Card?
One unit of delivery for an agile team.
528
What is a Story Map?
A visual model of all features desired for a product to provide a holistic view of what is being built.
529
What are Story Points used for?
To estimate the time it will take to complete a story item from the project backlog.
530
What is Storyboarding?
A prototyping method using visuals to illustrate a process or project outcome.
531
What is a Supportive PMO?
A PMO that provides a consultative role by supplying templates, best practices, and training.
532
Define Sustainability in project management.
Planning and controlling project delivery considering environmental, economic, and social aspects.
533
What is Swarming?
All development team members work on one requirement at a time during the sprint.
534
What does SWOT Analysis assess?
Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of an organization or project.
535
What is a System in project management?
The rules, processes, and other elements that support an outcome or process.
536
What is the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)?
Phases encompassing the entire project life cycle from start to finish, often used in software development.
537
Define Tacit Knowledge.
Personal knowledge that is difficult to articulate, such as beliefs and experiences.
538
What is Tailoring in project management?
The selection and adjustment of processes, tools, and techniques to manage a project.
539
What is a Task?
An activity to be accomplished within a defined period of time.
540
What is a Task Board?
A tool to visualize work and track progress during an iteration.
541
Define Team.
A group responsible for executing project tasks and producing deliverables.
542
What is Team Building?
Supporting and collaborating with team members to solve problems and tackle project objectives.
543
What is a Team Charter?
A document recording team values, agreements, and expectations for behavior.
544
What does the Team Management Plan describe?
When and how team members will be acquired and how long they will be needed.
545
What is Team Resource Management?
Processes to organize, manage, and lead the project team.
546
What are Team-Building Activities?
Functions taken to help the team develop into a mature, productive group.
547
What is a Teaming Agreement?
A legal agreement between parties to form a joint venture for a business opportunity.
548
Define Template.
A partially complete document providing a structure for collecting and presenting information.
549
What is a Term Contract?
A contract engaging the vendor to deliver a set amount of service over a period.
550
What is Test-Driven Development (TDD)?
A software development practice using repeated short cycles to improve design.
551
What does Theme refer to in Agile?
Groupings of epics or stories.
552
What does Theory X propose?
Managers micro-manage because they assume workers are unmotivated.
553
What does Theory Y propose?
Managers have a positive view of employees, encouraging collaboration.
554
Define Threat in project management.
A risk that negatively affects project objectives.
555
What is Three-Point Estimating?
A technique estimating cost or duration using optimistic, pessimistic, and most likely estimates.
556
What is a Threshold?
A predetermined value representing a limit requiring action if reached.
557
What does Throughput measure?
The number of finished work items produced over a given time frame.
558
What is a Time and Material (T&M) Contract?
A hybrid contract containing aspects of cost-reimbursable and fixed-price contracts.
559
What is a Timebox?
A fixed period of time to limit the duration for an activity or meeting.
560
What is the To Complete Performance Index (TCPI)?
An estimate of future cost performance needed to complete the project within budget.
561
Define Tolerance.
Acceptable variation for a quality, risk, budget, or other project requirement.
562
What is a Tool in project management?
An applied function or procedure defined for a process to produce an output.
563
What is a Tornado Diagram?
A bar chart used in sensitivity analysis to compare the importance of variables.
564
What is Total Float?
The amount of time a schedule activity can be delayed without affecting the project finish date.
565
What is Total Quality Management (TQM)?
An approach to improve business results through customer satisfaction and employee development.
566
What is Training in project management?
An activity for team members to acquire new or enhanced skills.
567
What is Transfer in risk management?
Shifting the impact and ownership of a risk to a third party.
568
Define Transparency.
Promotes real-time, accurate progress on every aspect of the project.
569
What is Trend Analysis?
An analytical technique forecasting future outcomes based on historical results.
570
What is a Trigger Condition?
An event indicating that a risk is about to occur.
571
What does the Triple Constraint refer to?
The factors of time, cost, and scope in project management.
572
What does T-Shaped refer to?
A person with one area of specialization and broad abilities in other skills.
573
Define Unanimity.
Agreement by everyone in the group on a single course of action.
574
What is a Unique Identification Code?
An alphanumeric sequence assigned to each element of a WBS.
575
What is a User Story?
An informal explanation of a product feature from the end user’s perspective.
576
What is the Validate Scope process?
Formalizing acceptance of completed project deliverables.
577
Define Validation.
Assurance that a product meets the needs of the customer and stakeholders.
578
What is Value in project management?
The worth that a project delivers to the business.
579
What is Value Analysis?
Examining components of business value to improve overall value cost-effectively.
580
What is a Value Delivery System?
Efforts by leadership and project management to create value in an organization.
581
What is Value Engineering?
An organized approach to providing necessary functions at the lowest cost.
582
What is a Value Stream?
Focuses on the flow of value to customers through specific products or services.
583
What is Value Stream Mapping?
A Lean technique to document and improve the flow of information or materials.
584
What are Variability Control Charts used for?
Analyzing and communicating the variability of a process over time.
585
What is Variable Sampling Data?
Data measured on a continuous scale such as time or temperature.
586
Define Variance.
A quantifiable deviation from a known baseline or expected value.
587
What is Variance Analysis?
Determining the cause and degree of difference between baseline and actual performance.
588
What is Variance at Completion (VAC)?
The difference between budget at completion (BAC) and estimate at completion (EAC).
589
What is Velocity in project management?
A measure of a team’s productivity rate at which deliverables are produced.
590
What is Vendor Bid Analysis?
A cost estimation technique to understand what a product/service should cost.
591
What is Verification?
Evaluating whether a product complies with regulations or specifications.
592
What is a Verified Deliverable?
Deliverables that have been checked against scope/requirements.
593
What is Version Control?
A system recording changes to a file, allowing retrieval of previous changes.
594
Define Virtual Team.
A group fulfilling roles with little or no face-to-face interaction.
595
What does Visibility refer to?
See Transparency.
596
What is a Vision Statement?
A stated direction for the project established by the project sponsor.
597
What is a Waiver?
A provision where one party agrees to forfeit a claim without liability.
598
What is a War Room?
A physical space where team members plan strategy and run a project.
599
What is a Warranty?
A promise that goods or services will meet a predetermined standard.
600
What does Waterfall refer to?
An informal name for predictive project management approach.
601
What is a WBS Dictionary?
A document providing detailed information about each component in the WBS.
602
What is a What-If Scenario?
A technique evaluating different scenarios to predict their effects on project objectives.
603
What is Wideband Delphi Estimating?
A consensus-based estimation technique for estimating effort.
604
What is a Wireframe?
A non-functional interface design that shows key elements of a system.
605
What is Withdrawal in conflict resolution?
Refusal to deal with a conflict.
606
What is a Work Authorization System?
Ensures work is performed at the right time and with the right resources.
607
What is a Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)?
A hierarchical decomposition of the total scope of work for a project.
608
What does Work in Progress (WIP) refer to?
Work that has been started but not yet completed.
609
What is a Work Package?
The work defined at the lowest level of the WBS for which cost and duration are estimated.
610
What is Work Performance Data?
Raw observations and measurements from project activities.
611
What is Work Performance Information?
Analyzed performance data compared with project management plan components.
612
What is a Work Performance Report?
Representation of work performance information intended to generate decisions.
613
What is Work Shadowing?
An on-the-job technique for learning about a job by observing a more experienced person.
614
What is a Workaround?
An unplanned alternative action used to complete work.
615
What is Workflow?
A planned sequence of tasks and activities to complete the project.
616
What is the XP Metaphor?
A common Extreme Programming technique.
617
What is a Work Performance Report?
The physical or electronic representation of work performance information compiled in project documents, intended to generate decisions, actions, or awareness.
## Footnote
This report is crucial for project management as it helps in assessing the progress and performance of the project.
618
Define Work Shadowing.
An on-the-job technique that enables someone to learn about and perform a job while observing and working with another, more experienced person.
## Footnote
This technique is beneficial for skill development and knowledge transfer in the workplace.
619
What is a Workaround?
A suitable, unplanned alternative action used to complete work.
## Footnote
Workarounds are often necessary when encountering unexpected obstacles or issues in a project.
620
What does Workflow refer to?
Carefully planned sequence of the tasks and activities that need to be done to complete the project.
## Footnote
A well-defined workflow improves efficiency and clarity in project execution.
621
What is the XP Metaphor?
A common Extreme Programming (XP) technique that describes a common vision of how a program works.
## Footnote
This technique helps in aligning team members' understanding and expectations of the software being developed.
