Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Year Three - Paediatrics > Pneumonia > Flashcards

Pneumonia Flashcards

(79 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

It refers to infection of the lung tissue, resulting in inflammation and sputum production within the airways and alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the two classifications of pneumonia?

A

Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)

Hospital Acquired Pneumonia (HAP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the most common pneumonia classification?

A

Community acquired pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is community acquired pneumonia?

A

It is defined as pneumonia that is contracted outside of the hospital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is hospital acquired pneumonia?

A

It is defined as pneumonia that is contracted within 48 hours or more after hospital admission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why is it important to distinguish between pneumonia classifications?

A

The causative organisms vary and therefore the first line antibiotic guidelines are different

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the seven bacterial organisms associated with pneumonia?

A

Streptococcus Pneumonia

Haemophilus Influenza

Group B Strep

Staphylococcus Aureus

Mycoplasma Pneumonia

Legionella Pneumophila

Klebsiella Pneumoniae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the most common bacterial organism associated with community acquired pneumonia?

A

Streptococcus pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is another term for streptococcus pneumonia?

A

Pneumococcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Is streptococcus pneumonia gram positive or gram negative?

A

Gram positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the four characteristic features of streptococcus pneumonia?

A

Coccus shaped

Catalase test negative

Partial haemolysis reaction on blood agar

Optochin sensitive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What colour does streptococcus pneumonia present as on blood agar?

A

Green

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What virulence factor is associated with streptococcus pneumonia?

A

IgA protease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the three clinical features associated with streptococcus pneumonia pneumonia?

A

Rapid onset

Fever

Herpes labialis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the second most common bacterial organism associated with community acquired pneumonia?

A

Haemophilus influenza

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which two patient groups tend to be affected by haemophilus influenza?

A

COPD patients

Pre-vaccinated/unvaccinated children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which patient group tend to contract group B streptococcus pneumonia?

A

pre-vaccinated infants, often contracted during birth from group B streptococcus colonising the vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which patient group tend to be affected by staphylococcus aureus?

A

Those affected by a recent influenza infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the two signs of staphylococcus aureus pneumonia on CXR?

A

Pneumatoceles in multiple lobes

Consolidation in multiple lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are pneumatoceles?

A

They are air-filled cavitary lesions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is atypical pneumonia?

A

It is pneumonia caused by an organism that cannot be cultured in the normal way or be detected using a gram stain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which antibiotic are atypical pneumonia bacteria resistant to? What three alternatives can be administered?

A

Penicillin

Macrolides

Fluoroquines

Tetracyclines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What five bacteria cause atypical pneumonia?

A

Mycoplasma pneumonia

Legionella pneumophilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the four clinical features of mycoplasma pneumonia pneumonia?

A

Dry cough

Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia

Bullous myringitis

Erythema multiform

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is erythema multiform?
It is a rash characterised by varying sized target lesions formed by pink rings with pale centres
26
What classification of autoimmune haemolytic anaemia is associated with mycoplasma pneumonia?
Cold AIHA
27
What investigation can be used to identify
Cold agglutinin test
28
What type of agar is used to grow mycoplasma pneumonia?
Eaton agar
29
Due to mycoplasma pneumonia pneumonia being atypical, what two pharmacological agents are used to treat it?
Macrolide antibiotics Doxycycline
30
Is legionella pneumophilia gram positive or gram negative?
Gram negative
31
What is another key feature of legionella pneumophilia?
Coccobacillus shaped
32
How is legionella pneumophilia transmitted?
It is transmitted via showers, hot tubs and air conditioning systems
33
What are the three clinical features associated with legionella pneumophilia pneumonia?
Dry cough Hyponatraemia via SIADH Lymphopenia
34
Which two patient groups tend to be affected by Klebsiella pneumonia pneumonia?
Alcoholics Diabetics
35
What clinical feature is associated with Klebsiella pneumonia pneumonia?
Red currant jelly sputum
36
What three viral organisms are associated with pneumonia?
Respiratory Syncytial Virus* Parainfluenza Virus Influenza Virus
37
What is the most common viral organism associated with pneumonia?
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
38
What fungal organism is associated with pneumonia?
Pneumocystis Jiroveci
39
Which patient group tends to be affected by Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia?
Immunocompromised patients (HIV)
40
What CD4 count makes HIV patients vulnerable to Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia?
100 - 200
41
What are the five clinical features associated with Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia?
Dry cough Dyspnoea on exertion Exercise induced desaturations Absence of chest signs Night sweats
42
Due to Pneumocystic jiroveci pneumonia being atypical, what pharmacological agent is used to treat it?
Co-trimoxazole
43
How do we prevent pneumonia in HIV patients with a low CD4 count?
We administer them prophylactic co-trimoxazole
44
What are the nine clinical features associated with pneumonia?
Productive Wet Cough High Fever > 38.5°C Dyspnoea Pleuritic Chest Pain Tachypnoea Tachycardia Bronchial Breath Sounds Focal Coarse Crackles Percussion Dullness
45
What are bronchial breath sounds? What is the cause?
They are harsh breath sounds that are equally loud on inspiration and expiration These are caused by consolidation of the lung tissue around the airway
46
What is the cause of focal coarse crackles?
They are caused by air passing through sputum
47
What is the cause of percussion dullness?
Lung tissue collapse and/or consolidation
48
What are the five investigations used to diagnose pneumonia?
Bloods Arterial blood gases Sputum cultures Throat swab CXR
49
What three blood tests are used to diagnose pneumonia?
Full Blood Count (Increased Neutrophil Count) Urea & Electrolytes (Increased Urea Levels) CRP (Increased CRP Levels)
50
Which infective organism group would cause an increased neutrophil count?
Bacterial
51
What is the typical trend seen in CRP levels during infection?
There is a delayed response, therefore they may be low on first presentation then spike a day or two layer
52
What additional blood test should all pneumonia patients receive?
Blood culture
53
Which patient group may have pneumonia but normal inflammatory markers?
Immunocompromised
54
In which pneumonia patients, should an arterial blood gas investigation be conducted?
Those that are unwell, specifically those with decreased saturation levels or pre-existing respiratory disease
55
Why do we conduct arterial blood gases in pneumonia patients?
It is used to assess or monitor respiratory/metabolic acidosis and the blood lactate level
56
How are sputum cultures/throat swabs used to investigate pneumonia?
They are used to identify the causative organism, and therefore guide treatment A bacterial culture or viral PCR is conducted on the sputum sample in order to obtain this information
57
What is the investigation of choice when diagnosing pneumonia?
CXR
58
Why is it recommended that CXR's are not conduced unless there is diagnosis doubt or in severe/complicated patients?
It only confirms clinical findings and doesn't actually change the management plans
59
What is the sign of pneumonia on CXR?
Consolidation
60
What are the two supportive management options for pneumonia?
Oxygen Therapy IV Fluids
61
When is oxygen therapy indicated to treat pneumonia?
If patients are hypoxic, with sats < 92%
62
When are IV fluids indicated to treat pneumonia?
If patients are hypotensive or dehydrated
63
In most cases, what is the first line antibiotic used to treat CAP?
Amoxicillin
64
What is the second line antibiotic used to treat CAP?
Macrolide antibiotics
65
Name three macrolide antibiotics
Erythromycin Clarithromycin Azithromycin
66
What is the typical antibiotic course for mild community acquired pneumonia?
Oral amoxicillin or macrolide for a course of five days
67
What is the typical antibiotic course for moderate to severe community acquired pneumonia?
Oral amoxicillin AND macrolide for a course of 7 - 10 days
68
In which circumstance would IV antibiotics be recommended to treat pneumonia?
When the patient is vomiting
69
How can we monitor the efficacy of antibiotic treatment?
We repeat blood tests after 3 days of treatment, which should show reduced levels WBC is more reliable than CRP due to its delayed response
70
What risk stratification scoring system is used to determine community acquired pneumonia management?
CURB-65
71
In a primary care setting, what risk stratification scoring system is used to determine community acquired pneumonia management? Why?
CRB-65 This is due to the inability to obtain a serum urea result
72
What does 'C' in the CURB-65 score represent?
Confusion (Abbreviated Mental Test Score < 8/10)
73
What does 'U' in the CURB-65 score represent?
Serum Urea > 7mmol/L
74
What does 'R' in the CURB-65 score represent?
Respiratory Rate > 30/Min
75
What does 'B' in the CURB-65 score represent?
Blood Pressure: Systolic < 90, Diastolic < 60
76
What does '65' in the CURB-65 score represent?
> 65 Years Old
77
What does a CRB65 score of 0 indicate?
The patient can be managed within the community, with administration of antibiotics
78
What does a CRB65 score > 1 indicate?
The patient should undergo hospital assessment, with treatment including the administration of antibiotics and supportive management options
79
Pneumonia is a complication associated with which condition?
Measles

Year Three - Paediatrics (29 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions