PNS Flashcards by Autumn Arkwright

What are the 2 divisions of the PNS, which consists of cranial nerves and spinal nerves?

Sensory (afferent) division

Motor (efferent) division

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Which arteries supply the spinal cord?

Posterior spinal artery
Anterior spinal artery (75%)
Radicular arteries (from aorta and branches to the lumbar arteries)

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The white columns of the spinal nerves are composed of. . .

Posterior, anterior and lateral funiculus

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T/F Grey matter in on the outer most area of the Spinal nerves.

False, the white matter is along the outside

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What is the collection of nerve roots at inferior end of vertebral canal?

Cauda equine (horse’s tail)

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What are the spinal nerves according to the spinal cord segments

8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal

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If you have disc impingement, at C6-7 what is the impinging root?

root 7- cervical spinal nerves exit from above the respective vertebra

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T/F the remaining spinal nerve pairs emerge from the spinal cord ABOVE the same-numbered vertebra.

False- Below not above

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What component of the PNS picks up stimuli from inside and outside the body, then initiate impulses in sensory axons?

Sensory receptors

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These components in the PNS are axon terminals of motor neurons that innervate the effectors

Motor endings

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T/F Nerves are really just bundles of peripheral axons.

True- most are mixed, containing both sensory and motor axons

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T/F cranial nerves can be purely sensory or motor in function

True

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What are clusters of peripheral neuronal cell bodies?

Ganglia

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What are the three layers of the peripheral nerve?

Endoneurium- a thin layer of connective tissue which wraps around each nerve fiber
Epineurium- a loose connective tissue between fibers
Perineurium- is a connective tissue which wraps around bundles

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What are networks of successive ventral rami that exchange fibers (crisscross and redistribute)?

Nerve Plexuses

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Do THORACIC ventral rami form nerve plexuses?

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What is the sole motor supply of the diaphragm?

Phrenic nerve C3-C5

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C1-C4 innervates the muscles and skin of the neck and shoulder, called?

Cervical plexus

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What arises from C5-T1, serves the upper limb and shoulder girdle?

Brachial plexus

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What are the main nerves of the brachial plexus?

Musculocutaneous
Median
Ulnar
Axillary
Radial
-also the Posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve

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What innervates anterior and medial muscles of thigh through femoral and obturator nerves, lies in the psoas major muscle?

Lumbar Plexus L1-L4

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T/F the Femoral nerve also innervates skin on anterior thigh and medial leg.

True- including quads

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What supplies muscles and skin of posterior thigh and almost all of the leg?

Sacral Plexus- L4-S4.

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The main branch of the Sacral Plexus is the large sciatic nerve which consists of . . .

tibial nerve- to most of the hamstring, calf and sole

common fibular nerve- to muscles of anterior and lateral leg and skin

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If you have a patient with "foot drop" what nerves are involved?

Common fibular/peroneal nerve- (branch of sciatic nerve)

What is the main neurotransmitter in the NMJ?

Acetylcholine

What is another term for "involuntary twitches?"

fasiculations

what are the 5 types of sensory receptors?

``` mechanoreceptors thermoreceptors nocioceptors electromagnetic receptors chemoreceptors ```

Which sensory receptors sense Pain, damage to tissue?

Nocioceptors

Which receptors detect light on the retina?

Electromagnetic receptors

Which receptors detect taste, smell, oxygentation, osmolarity?

Chemoreceptors

What receptors are found in the dermis and slowly adapts to change in pressure?

Ruffini Endings

Which receptors are found in hairless portion of skin; highly discriminate tactile receptors?

Meisner Corpuscles

This is a special receptor for vibration. . .

Pacinian Corpuscles

What are Neuromuscular spindles and Neurotendonous organs of Golgi?

Encapsulated receptors that perceive muscle stretch

T/F Free nerve endings sense touch and light pressure.

False! they sense pain and temperature

Proprioceptors are found in. . .

skeletal muscle, joints, tendons and ligaments

Sensory fibers that arise from Cell Bodies in dorsal root ganglia are. . .

Dorsal roots

Motor fibers arising from anterior gray column of spinal cord are . . .

Ventral roots

T/F the spinal cord contains central gray mater and peripheral white mater.

True

What does grey mater made up of?

neuronal cell bodies

Proprioceptors sense degree of stretch, therefore info. on body movement- they relay this info to . . .

cerebrum, cerebellum and spinal reflex arcs

Name 3 proprioceptors.

Muscle spindles Golgi tendon organs joint kinesthetic receptors

White mater has 2 pathways of nerve bundles. What are they?

Ascending fibers/tracts | Descending fibers/tracts

Which pathway of the white mater relays info TO the brain?

Ascending fibers/tracts- Sensory

Which pathway of the white mater relays info FROM the brain?

Descending fibers/tracts- Motor

Sensory tracts: If the name of a spinal tract begins with "Spino," this indicates origin of the spinal cord, and there name will end with the part of the brain where the tract leads. EX: spinothalmic tract travels where?

travels from the spinal cord to the thalmus

If the name of the tract begins with a part of the brain, then what type of function is it?

motor. ex: corticospinal- begins with fibers leaving the cerebral cortex and travels down toward motor neurons in the cord

Peripheral nerves enter through spinal roots via ________ roots.

dorsal

Name 2 basic sensory pathways (ascending).

Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus | Anterolateral system

What are the 2 components of the Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus?

Gracile fasciculus | Cuneate fasciculus

What are the 2 components of the Anterolateral system?

Lateral Spinothalmic tract | Anterior Spinothalmic tract

This pathway has large, fast myelinated nerve fibers- A fibers would be an example.

Dorsal Column-Medial Leminiscus

What are the functions of the Dorsal Column-Medial Leminiscus?

``` touch, sensation fine touch vibration proprioception fine pressure ```

T/F the Dorsal Column-Medial Leminiscus has a four neuron pathway.

False- 3

The Sensory response to the brain stays on the same side of the pathway until it reaches the ________, then runs along the opposite side until it reaches the target area of the brain. Interneurons then release a _______ response.

Medulla; motor

This sensory pathway originates in the dorsal horns of the spinal GREY mater, crosses to opposite side of cord and ascends to the brainstem and thalamus- it has smaller, slower, myelinated fibers.

Anterolateral System

What are the functions of the Anterolateral System? | Hint: PALS

``` (PAIN) temperature Crude touch and pressure tickle/itch sexual sensations ```

In 3 neuron path of the Afferent (Sensory) Pathway, describe the path the neuron travels.

- Primary neuron originates in periphery and terminates in spinal cord - Secondary in spinal cord, cross to contralateral side and ascend to terminate in thalamus - Third order neurons project to specific cortex in brain

What are the ascending Spinal Cord Tracts? (between the spinal cord and the brain)

Lateral Spinothalamic- pain and temp Ventral Spinothalamic- crude touch Fasciculous Gracilus and Cuneatus- fine touch, proprioception, and joint sense Spinocerebellar tracts- unconscious anesthesia Lateral and Ventral corticospinal- voluntary movements

If a pathway is named "Reticulospinal", we know from the name that it is . . .

motor

If the name of the pathway is "Spinothalmic" we know by its name it is. . .

Sensory

Upper motor neurons are of _______ _________ neuron. They are unable to leave the CNS. They are multi-synaptic, they synapse with the neurons called _______ _________ neurons which carry messages to the muscles of the rest of the body.

first order; lower motor

What is an example of a condition where children have neuromuscular problems due to upper motor neuron lesions?

Cerebral Palsy

Lower Motor Neurons or _______ _______ neurons are cranial and spinal nerves, located in the ______ _______, but their axons CAN leave the CNS and synapse with the muscles of the body

second order; brain stem

T/F All Cranial nerves have Lower motor neuron components.

False, Some of the cranial nerves contain only sensory fibers and therefore cannot be classified as lower motor neurons

Do Cranial nerves I, II and VIII have motor components?

Nope

All corticospinal tracts synapse in anterior horn cells before leaving cord. Lesions above this are ________ ________ neurons, and below are _________ __________ neurons.

upper motor; lower motor

What are the defect characteristics of Upper motor neurons?

Spastic paralysis, NO muscle atrophy Fasiculation NOT present hyperreflexia Babinski present

What are the defect characteristics of Lower motor neurons?

Flaccid paralysis, atrophy Fasiculation PRESENT Hyporeflexia Babinski NOT present

What serves as an "indirect" route by which sensory information reaches the cerebral cortex?

The Reticular Activation System

General Anesthetics produce ___________ and ___________ by depressing the RAS

sedation and hypnosis

The integrity of cuneatus and gracilis tracts are assessed by. . .

somatosensory evoked potentials

The sciatic nerve branches into what 2 nerves?

the common peroneal nerve and the tibial nerve

The criticl recording electrode is placed __________to record tibial nerve evoked potentials and __________for ulnar and median nerve evoked potentials

midline; laterally

For sensory evoked potentials, the ____________electrodes are placed peripherally and the ____________ electrodes are placed centrally

stimulating; detecting

T/F somatosensory monitoring is used to detect dorsal spinal cord and/or brain ischemia

true

An _______ in latency or a _________ in amplitude of the SSEPs suggests that damage is occurring in the neural pathway that is being monitored

increase; decrease

T/F high or low temperatures can effect SSEP.

True- both extremes will alter the SSEP

Place in order the 3 types of evoked potentials by most sensitive to least.

VEP- V-ery sensitive SSEP- S-omewhat sensitive BAEP- B-arely sensitive

Which nerve fibers sense sharp, fast pain; are myelinated and large in diameter?

A-Delta fibers

Which nerve fibers sense slow, achy, dull pain, are unmyelinated and small in diameter?

C-fibers

What is the main neurotransmitter released from A-delta fibers?

Glutamate; post-synaptic

What is the main neurotransmitter released from C-fibers?

Substance P- post-synaptic

PNS Flashcards

(84 cards)