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Neuro- 2014 > PNS- autonomic nervous division > Flashcards

PNS- autonomic nervous division Flashcards

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1
Q

T/F norepinephrine is released from all sympathetic postganglionic nerves

A

False, all but the sweat glands

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2
Q

The adrenal medulla is innervated by sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons __________ released elicits what 2 hormones?

A

acetylcholine; epi and NE

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3
Q

What is released from the sweat glands?

A

acetylcholine

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4
Q

What are the 2 major subtypes of cholinergic receptors?

A

nicotinic and muscarinic

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5
Q

What innervates muscarinic receptors? and where are they found?

A

Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons; peripherally in tissues

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6
Q

This is when the nicotinic receptor becomes desensitized to succs. and the postsynaptic membrane becomes inexcitable.

A

A stage II block or desensitization blocks

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7
Q

If your patient has ipsilateral miosis, ptosis, enophthalamos,, flushing, increased temperature, anhydrosis and nasal congestion; what syndrome should you suspect?

A

Horner’s syndrome

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8
Q

Horner’s syndrome is due to. . .

A

a Stellate ganglion blockade

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9
Q

All sympathetic preganglionic fibers pass through ______ rami while some, but not all, sympathetic postganglionic fibers pass through _______ rami

A

white; grey

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10
Q

T/F gray rami are distributed to all spinal nerves from the ganglia.

A

True

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11
Q

The parasympathetic outflow is also called. . .

A

craniosacral outflow

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12
Q

From which cranial nerves does the Parasympathetic outflow arise from?

A

CN III, VII, IX and X and sacral segments S2, S3, and S4

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13
Q

CN III arises from the ____________, CN VII arises from the ______ and CN IX and X arise from the __________

A

midbrain; pons; medulla

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14
Q

This transmits 3/4 of the traffic of the parasympathetic nervous system.

A

The Vagus

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15
Q

The PNS is essential for the maintenance of life- what are some of its response?

A

miosis
decreased HR, conduction of AV node, and contractility
Increased salivary, pharyngeal, and laryngeal secretions
Increased bronchial secretions
smooth muscle bronchoconstriction

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16
Q

What detects changes in the internal of external environment in the nervous system?

A

Receptors

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17
Q

The _____________ division of the PNS brings info. to the CNS from receptors in peripheral tissues and organs.

A

Sensory

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18
Q

This includes the integration and distribution of information in the CNS.

A

Information processing

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19
Q

Where does the “motor division” carry commands?

A

from the CNS to the peripheral tissue and systems

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20
Q

The motor division includes what 2 systems?

A

The somatic nervous system

The autonomic nervous system

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21
Q

The somatic and autonomic nervous systems differ- how does the Somatic motor neuron pathway differ?

A

Cell bodies of motor neurons reside in the CNS

Their axons extend all the way to their skeletal muscles

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22
Q

The somatic and autonomic nervous systems differ- how does the Autonomic motor neuron pathway differ?

A

1st= preganglionic neuron (brain and spinal cord)
2nd= ganglionic neuron (outside CNS)
Slower because lightly or unmyelinated

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23
Q

What is the Autonomic nervous system responsible for?

A

controls stable homeostasis
GI motility and secretion
GU motility
Sweating and body temperature

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24
Q

Autonomic Nervous system is divided into 2 parts:

A

SNS- Adrenergic

PNS- Cholinergic

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25
The PNS arises from where?
Craniosacral- because of the preganglionic neurons
26
The SNS arises from where?
Thoracolumbar- because of its preganglionic neurons
27
Each sympathetic nerve is composed of how many neurons?
2; preganglionic and postganglionic
28
Where does sympathetic stimulation originate?
12 Thoracic and 2 or 3 lumbar segments of the cord
29
T/F the neurons of the SNS lead to every part of the body.
True- unlike PNS
30
Describe the path of preganglionic axons in the SNS.
Exit spinal cord through ventral root and enter spinal nerve - exit spinal nerve via communication ramus - enter sympathetic trunk/chain where postganglionic neuron is located
31
Where do preganglionic neurons of the SNS originate?
the region of gray matter in the thoracic and upper lumbar region called "the lateral horn"
32
Which pattern of the pre- and postganglionic neurons are arranged as described. . . preganglionic neuron is myelinated and the axons form the white ramus as they connect to ganglia. The post- are unmyelinated and leave the ganglion as the gray ramus which rejoins the spinal nerve
Pattern 1
33
In "pattern 1" when the ventral and dorsal roots fuse, what do they form?
The spinal nerve
34
Which pattern of the pre- and postganglionic neurons are arranged as described. . .pre-ganglionic neurons innervate post-ganglionic cells in the adrenal medulla, these cells release epi (80%), norepi (20%) and a small amount of dopamine into the bloodstream
Pattern 2
35
What are the cells called that innervate modified postganglionic cells in the adrenal medulla?
Chromaffin cells
36
Synapse of the adrenal gland causes. . .
body-wide release of epinephrine in an extreme emergency
37
Which pattern of the pre- and postganglionic neurons are arranged as described. . .more localized and discrete, the postganglionic neurons originate from the collateral ganglia and travel to specific effector organs
Pattern 3
38
T/F in the SNS there are special preganglionic nerve fibers that pass all the way from the spinal cord to the adrenal medulla and secrete epi and norepi
True
39
Which cranial nerves are specific to the PNS?
CN- III, VII, IX and X
40
T/F PNS innervate internal organs and the skin
False- not skin
41
What neurotransmitter is at end organ of PNS as well as at preganglionic synapse?
acetylcholine
42
T/F preganglionic neurons originate in the brain stem and are relatively short
False- they are long
43
What are the functions of the Vagus nerve-CN X?
stimulates digestive glands increased motility of smooth muscle of digestive tract decreased heart rate causes bronchial constriction
44
sacral outflow S2-S4 forms pelvic splanchnic nerves, which do what?
supply 1/2 of large intestine supply all the pelvic organs Involve descending colon, rectum, bladder, uterus, external genitalia
45
T/F PNS is responsible for erection and SNS is responsible for ejaculation
True
46
What are the very important differences between Pre and postganglionic fibers?
Pre- pass uninterrupted all the way to the organ to be controlled and synapse Post- are located on the wall of the organs to be controlled
47
PNS has 2 motor transmitters, what are they?
Acetylcholine and Norepinepherine
48
What is the most common neurotransmitter? what neurons release it?
acetylcholine; cholinergic
49
Cholinergic neurons include. . .
all preganglionic neurons of ANS postganglionic neurons of the PNS and some postganglionic (sweat glands) of the SNS
50
Almost all sympathetic postganglionic neurons are . . .
adrenergic
51
What are the 2 classes of Cholinergic receptors?
Nicotinic and Muscarinic
52
Name the receptor. . . found of cell bodies and dendrites, chromaffin cells, and skeletal muscle cells. Assoc. with cation channels that allow potassium and sodium to pass through. Assoc. with depolarization of postsynaptic cells.
Nicotinic receptors
53
Name the receptor. . . found on organs in the PNS, coupled with G proteins, act on heart and smooth muscle of the pupil and digestive tract
Muscarinic receptors
54
Muscarinic receptors, coupled with G proteins can be . . .
inhibitory or excitatory
55
T/F Adrenergic receptors are coupled to G proteins that activate or inhibit second messenger systems.
true
56
What kind of response does norepi and epi binding to Alpha 2 receptors activate?
Inhibitory G protein, that decrease activity of adenylate cyclase, decreasing synthesis of cAMP
57
When norepi and epi bind to Beta receptors what happens?
Activation of stimulatory G proteins that increase the activity of adenylate cyclase and increase synthesis of cAMP
58
What adrenergic receptors are excitatory?
Alpha, Beta 1 and 3
59
What adrenergic receptors are inhibitory?
Beta 2- which have more affinity for epi
60
The synapse between an efferent neuron and its effector organ is a . . .
neuroeffector junction
61
swelling along the axon is called?
varicosities
62
What type of voltage gated channels do varicosities propagate?
Na, K and Ca channels
63
PNS and ANS oppose each other to achieve what?
homeostasis
64
Most changes in the organ activity are controlled by what?
visceral reflexes-
65
What are the higher centers that control autonomic function?
hypothalamus pons medulla oblingata
66
What does the hypothalamus do?
Influences autonomic functions (fight or flight) regulate body temp., food intake and water balance takes input concerned with emotions
67
Temperature, Pain, irritation, chemical changes and stretch are monitored by . . .
visceral sensory neurons
68
What is the pathway of Visceral sensory neurons?
spinothalmic tract-->thalamus--> cerebral cortex
69
T/F getting cut or scrapped is an example of visceral pain.
False
70
T/F pain in visercal organs is often perceived to be Somatic in origin.
True
71
Defacation and micturition reflexes are examples of what?
Visceral Reflex Arcs (Visceral sensory and Autonomic)
72
What is the main limbic region for emotions?
Amygdala
73
What is the main integration center?
Hypothalmus
74
What is most direct influence over autonomic function?
Reticular formation
75
What are the functions of the Amygdala?
Stim. sympathetic activity, esp. fear-related | can be voluntary when to recall fear event
76
The CNS is divided into what 2 divisions?
Brain and Spinal cord
77
PNS is divided into what 2 divisions?
Sensory and Motor divisions
78
From the Sensory division of the PNS is . . .
The Visceral Sensory Division | The Somatic Sensory Division
79
From the Motor Division of the PNS is . . .
The Visceral Motor Division | The Sensory Motor Division
80
From the Visceral Motor Division come which 2 branches?
Sympathetic Division | Parasympathetic Division

Neuro- 2014 (3 decks)

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