PNS/ANS (year 2)

Question 1

what is the neurotransmitter released at neuromuscular junctions?

Answer 1

acetylcholine

Question 2

what do cholinergic drugs do?

Answer 2

inhibit, enhance, or mimic the action of acetylcholine

Question 3

what are the two types of acetylcholine receptors?

Answer 3

muscarinic and nicotinic

Question 4

what do adrenergic drugs do?

Answer 4

inhibit, enhance, or mimic the action of (nor)adrenaline

Question 5

name the catecholamines

Answer 5

adrenaline and noradrenaline

Question 6

what are the types of catecholamine postsynaptic receptors?

Answer 6

alpha (1/2) and beta (1/2/3)

Question 7

where are alpha1 receptors mainly found?

Answer 7

sympathetic target tissue

Question 8

where are alpha2 receptors mainly found?

Answer 8

GI tract and pancreas

Question 9

where are beta1 receptors mainly found?

Answer 9

heart muscle

Question 10

where are beta2 receptors mainly found?

Answer 10

blood vessels and smooth muscle

Question 11

what are two groups of drugs that could be used on the somatic nervous system?

Answer 11

neuromuscular blocking drugs

anticholinesterases

Question 12

what drug is used in the management of skeletal muscle spasms?

Answer 12

dantrolene

Question 13

what is the mechanism of action of dantrolene?

Answer 13

uncouples excitation/contraction by preventing the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 14

how is dantrolene administered?

Answer 14

orally or injectable

Question 15

what is the main adverse effect of dantrolene?

Answer 15

muscle weakness that may effect the respiratory muscles

Question 16

what are the two mechanism of action of neuromuscular blocking drugs?

Answer 16

depolarising blocking agents

non-depolarising blocking agents

Question 17

what is the mechanism of action of depolarising neuromuscular blocking agents?

Answer 17

these are agonists of acetylcholine but have a longer duration of effect. They cause calcium to be taken up by the sarcoplasmic reticulum causing relaxation, then when Ach binds there is no calcium for contraction

Question 18

what is the mechanism of action of non-depolarising neuromuscular blocking agents?

Answer 18

competitive agonists

Question 19

which neuromuscular blocking drugs are reversible?

Answer 19

non-depolarising by acetylcholinesterase drugs

Question 20

when are neuromuscular blocking drugs used?

Answer 20

in combination with anaesthetic drugs to provide muscle relaxation during surgery

Question 21

what are the adverse effects of depolarising neuromuscular blocking agents?

Answer 21

bradycardia, muscle pain due to initial muscle fasciculations

Question 22

what are the adverse effects of non-depolarising neuromuscular blocking agents?

Answer 22

hypotension

Question 23

what is the mechanism of action of anticholinesterases?

Answer 23

acetylcholinesterase usually rapidly hydrolyses acetylcholine before much of it reaches a receptor, this prevents the hydrolysis allowing more action potentials

Question 24

what are two examples of anticholinesterases?

Answer 24

edrophonium

organophospahte

Question 25

what are the main uses of anticholinesterases?

Answer 25

antagonisms of non-depolarising neuromuscular blockers | treat myasthenia gravis

Question 26

what are the adverse effects of anticholinesterases?

Answer 26

effect central cholinergic receptors leading to nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, hypersalivation can lead to muscle cramps, bradycardia, hypotension, miosis, bronchoconstriction

Question 27

what neurotransmitter do all preganglionic neurones of the ANS release?

Answer 27

acetylcholine

Question 28

what neurotransmitter do all postganglionic neurones of the parasympathetic system release?

Answer 28

acetylcholine

Question 29

what are the classes of drug that effect cholinergic transmission?

Answer 29

muscarinic agonist/antagonist neuromuscular blocking drugs ganglion stimulating/blocking drugs anticholinesterase

Question 30

what is the mechanism of action of muscarinic agonists?

Answer 30

stimulate postganglionic muscarinic receptors

Question 31

what are the main uses of muscarinic agonists?

Answer 31

CV - cardiac slowing and decrease CO smooth muscle - contracts and causes vasodilation in vascular smooth muscle exocrine - increase sweating/salivation/bronchial secretions eye - contract ciliary muscles, miosis, glaucoma treat detrusor muscle atony

Question 32

what are the adverse effects of muscarinic agonists?

Answer 32

GI cramping, hypersalivation, bradycardia

Question 33

what is the mechanism of action of muscarinic antagonists?

Answer 33

competitively inhibit postganglionic muscainic receptors

Question 34

what are the main effects of muscarinic antagonists?

Answer 34

increase HR decrease salivary, bronchial, gastric secretions bronchodilation decrease GI motility

Question 35

what are the main uses of muscarinic antagonists?

Answer 35

GI - antispasmodic in horses CV - correct bradycardia ophthalmic - dilate pupil urinary - decrease detrusor muscle activity

Question 36

what are the adverse effects of muscarinic antagonists?

Answer 36

tachycardia, dry mouth, constipation, photophobia

Question 37

when may ganglion-stimulating/blocking drugs be used?

Answer 37

in anthelmintics causing worm muscle paralysis | not absorbed by host as effects are complex and systemic

Question 38

where is adrenaline released from?

Answer 38

adrenal medulla

Question 39

where is noradrenaline released from?

Answer 39

postganglionic neurones of the sympathetic system

Question 40

what are the two types of adrenergic receptors?

Answer 40

alpha and beta

Question 41

what are the subtypes of alpha and beta receptors?

Answer 41

alpha 1, 2 | beta 1, 2, 3

Question 42

what are the main effects of alpha1 adrenoreceptors?

Answer 42

vasoconstriction relax GI smooth muscle salivary secretion hepatic glycogenolysis

Question 43

what are the main effects of alpha2 adrenoreceptors?

Answer 43

inhibit neurotransmitter release

Question 44

what are the main effects of beta1 adrenoreceptors?

Answer 44

increase cardiac rate and force

Question 45

what are the main effects of beta2 adrenoreceptors?

Answer 45

bronchodilator vasodilation inhibit GI smooth muscle hepatic glycogenolysis

Question 46

what are the main effects of beta3 adrenoreceptors?

Answer 46

thermogenesis

Question 47

name the types of drugs that effect adrenergic transmission

Answer 47

alpha adrenoreceptor agonist/antagonist beta adrenoreceptor agonist/antagonist drugs effecting noradrenaline synthesis, storage, release

Question 48

name the non-specific adrenergic agonist

Answer 48

adrenaline

Question 49

when may adrenaline be used clinically?

Answer 49

reduce bronchospasm treat hypersensitivity reduce cutaneous bloodflow restore cardiac activity after cardiac arrest

Question 50

give examples of the systems that alpha adrenoreceptor agonists can be used on

Answer 50

smooth muscle, GI, metabolism, nerve terminals, urinary, eye, CV, sedative

Question 51

what is the effect of alpha adrenoreceptors agonists on smooth muscle?

Answer 51

contraction - except GI

Question 52

what is the effect of alpha adrenoreceptors agonists on the GI system?

Answer 52

relax smooth muscle/sphincters

Question 53

what is the effect of alpha adrenoreceptors agonists on metabolism?

Answer 53

stimulate glycogenolysis

Question 54

what is the effect of alpha adrenoreceptors agonists on nerve terminals?

Answer 54

inhibitory effect on both cholinergic and noradrenergic nerve terminals

Question 55

what is the effect of alpha adrenoreceptors agonists on the urinary system?

Answer 55

treat incontinence

Question 56

what is the effect of alpha adrenoreceptors agonists on the eye?

Answer 56

mydriatic effect

Question 57

what is the effect of alpha adrenoreceptors agonists on the CV system?

Answer 57

treat hypotension secondary to drug or vascular failure

Question 58

how do alpha adrenoreceptors agonists work as sedatives?

Answer 58

act peripheral and centrally as alpha2 adrenoreceptors

Question 59

what are the main adverse effects of alpha adrenoreceptor agonists?

Answer 59

restlessness and hypertension

Question 60

what are the main uses of alpha adrenoreceptor antagonists?

Answer 60

treat urethral spasm treat severe hypertension reverse sedation from alpha2 agonists

Question 61

what are the adverse effects of alpha adrenoreceptor antagonists?

Answer 61

due to alpha adrenoreceptor blocking - tachycardia, hypotension, nasal congestion

Question 62

what 3 systems to beta adrenoreceptor effect?

Answer 62

smooth muscle, CV, metabolism

Question 63

what effects do beta adrenoreceptor agonists have on smooth muscle?

Answer 63

relaxation - bronchodilator, vasodilation

Question 64

what effects do beta adrenoreceptor agonists have on the CV system?

Answer 64

increase HR and contraction forces

Question 65

what effects do beta adrenoreceptor agonists have on metabolism?

Answer 65

glycogenolysis, lipolysis, thermogenesis

Question 66

what are the adverse effects of beta adrenoreceptor agonists?

Answer 66

hypotension, tachycardia

Question 67

what effects do non-selective beta blockers have?

Answer 67

block bronchodilation block chronotropic and inotropic effects manage cardiac arrhythmias

Question 68

what are beta1 blockers used for?

Answer 68

treat tachycardia and hyperthyroidism

Question 69

what are the adverse effects of beta blockers?

Answer 69

bradycardia, hypotension, hypoglycaemia, bronchospasm

Question 70

name a drug that stimulates endogenous release of noradrenaline

Answer 70

ephedrine

Question 71

what is ephedrine used to treat?

Answer 71

hypotension and urinary incontinence

Question 72

name a drug that inhibits phosphodiesterase III?

Answer 72

pimobendan

Question 73

what is pimobendan used for?

Answer 73

positive inotrope and vasodilator

Question 74

name a phosphodiesterase V inhibitor

Answer 74

sildenafil

Question 75

what is sildenafil used for?

Answer 75

treat pulmonary arterial hypertension