Respiratory (year 2)

Question 1

what can drugs stimulate to effect bronchial diameter?

Answer 1

sympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system
non-adrenergic non-cholinergic neurotransmission
irritant receptors

Question 2

what effects can the autonomic nervous system have on bronchial diameter?

Answer 2

sympathetic - bronchodilation

parasympathetic - bronchoconstriction

Question 3

what receptors mediate bronchodilation via the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 3

beta2 adrenoreceptors

Question 4

what receptors mediate bronchoconstriction via the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 4

muscarinic receptors

Question 5

the parasympathetic system causes bronchoconstriction and what other effect on the airways?

Answer 5

increases mucus production

Question 6

the sympathetic system causes bronchodilation and what other effects on the airways?

Answer 6

increases mucociliary clearance

reduce inflammatory mediator release

Question 7

Why must treatment be highly selective to the receptor type found in the airways?

Answer 7

minimise the side effects

Question 8

what nervous system do adrenoreceptor agonists effect?

Answer 8

sympathetic nervous system

Question 9

what are the neurotransmitters for adrenoreceptor agonists?

Answer 9

adrenaline and noradrenaline

Question 10

name the beta2 agonists used to cause bronchodilation

Answer 10

terbutaline, salbutamol, albuterol, clenbuterol

Question 11

what are the main effects of alpha adrenoreceptors on the body?

Answer 11

vasoconstriction, intestinal sphincter contraction, pupil dilation

Question 12

what are the main effects of beta adrenoreceptors on the body?

Answer 12

vasodilation, increased HR, bladder relaxation, metabolic stimulation

Question 13

how is turbutaline administered?

Answer 13

parenteral or oral

Question 14

how is albuterol administered?

Answer 14

oral or topical

Question 15

how is clenbuterol administered?

Answer 15

oral

Question 16

what are the adverse effects of beta2 agonists?

Answer 16

BP abnormalities, tachycardia, hypokalaemia, seizures

Question 17

what drug group is used as a parasympathetic antagonist to cause bronchodilation?

Answer 17

anticholinergics

Question 18

what receptors do anticholinergics effect in the respiratory tract?

Answer 18

muscarinic

Question 19

what effects other than bronchodilation do anticholinergics have on the respiratory tract?

Answer 19

reduce bronchial irritant response
pulmonary vasoconstriction
reduce mucus production

Question 20

what are the side effects of anticholinergics?

Answer 20

tachycardia, dry MM, reduced gut motility, hypertension, mydriasis

Question 21

what is the only anticholinergic used in veterinary respiratory disease?

Answer 21

ipratropium

Question 22

how is ipratropium administered?

Answer 22

inhalation

Question 23

what is the name of the drugs that enhance the action of the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 23

cholinergics

Question 24

what effect do cholinergics have on the respiratory system?

Answer 24

bronchoconstriction

increased mucus secretion

Question 25

what is a group of drugs that will act directly on smooth muscle of the respiratory system?

Answer 25

methylxanthines

Question 26

what is the mode of action of methylxanthines?

Answer 26

phosphodiesterase inhibitors so block cAMP degredation | adenosine antagonists which further increases cAMP

Question 27

what are the effects of methylxanthines?

Answer 27

``` bronchodilation inhibit inflammatory mediator release increase catecholamine release increase mucociliary clearance increase CNS sensitivity to carbon dioxide ```

Question 28

what are the adverse effects of methylxanthines?

Answer 28

tachycardia, excitability, seizures, GI motility effected

Question 29

give an example of a methylxanthine used for respiratory disease

Answer 29

theophylline

Question 30

how is theophylline administered?

Answer 30

oral

Question 31

why are CNS side effects associated with theophylline?

Answer 31

the drug can penetrate the blood:brain barrier

Question 32

where is theophylline metabolised and excreted?

Answer 32

metabolised in liver and excreted by kidney

Question 33

what is the name for drugs that stop coughing?

Answer 33

anti-tussives

Question 34

when would antitussives be used?

Answer 34

if the animal is becoming exhausted or the cough is non-productive

Question 35

where do direct antitussives effect?

Answer 35

they suppress the cough centre in the medulla oblongata

Question 36

what effects do indirect antitussives have?

Answer 36

reduce inflammation reduce bronchoconstriction reduce mucus accumulation

Question 37

what drugs are used as direct antitussives?

Answer 37

opioids

Question 38

what is the mode of action of opioids when acting as antitussives?

Answer 38

agonist of mu receptors in the medulla reducing the response to irritant stimuli

Question 39

how are opioids administered?

Answer 39

oral or parenteral

Question 40

what are the side effects of opioids?

Answer 40

suppression of CNS function - sedation, CV depression, constipation, respiratory suppression

Question 41

give two examples of opioids used as antitussives

Answer 41

codeine and butorphanol

Question 42

where is butorphanol metabolised?

Answer 42

liver

Question 43

what are surfactants?

Answer 43

lipid molecules extracted from bovine lungs

Question 44

when are surfactants used?

Answer 44

usually during neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

Question 45

what is the role of mucolytics?

Answer 45

decrease the viscosity of bronchial secretions

Question 46

what are some non-pharmaceutical methods of decrease bronchial secretion viscosity?

Answer 46

nebuliser sterile saline | physiotherpay

Question 47

name two mucolytics

Answer 47

bromhexine HCl | N-acetylcysteine

Question 48

what is the mode of action of bromhexine HCl?

Answer 48

enhances hydrolysis of mucopolysaccharides

Question 49

what is the mode of action of N-acetylcysteine?

Answer 49

breaking disulphide bonds between mucus molecules

Question 50

when is bromhexine HCl not effective?

Answer 50

in the presence of infection or inflammation as it doesn't effect proteins from bacteria or neutrophils

Question 51

how is bromhexine HCl administered?

Answer 51

oral or parenteral

Question 52

what are the side effects of N-acetylcysteine?

Answer 52

bronchoconstriction and airway irritation

Question 53

what do expectorants do?

Answer 53

increase fluidity of bronchial secretions to aid clearance (not commonly used in veterinary)

Question 54

how do expectorants worK?

Answer 54

irritate gastric mucosa leading to increased vagal tone and hence increased bronchial secretions

Question 55

what is the function of decongestants?

Answer 55

reduce the thickness of nasal mucosa to enable easier passage of air

Question 56

what drugs are used as decongestants?

Answer 56

sympathomimetics

Question 57

how are sympathomimetics administered?

Answer 57

oral or topical

Question 58

what are the effects of sympathomimetics on the respiratory system?

Answer 58

vasoconstriction and reduced ECF in nasal mucosa

Question 59

name a sympathomimetic

Answer 59

ephedrine

Question 60

what drugs can be used to effect the respiratory centre?

Answer 60

sedatives, opioids, anaesthtics, antiepileptics

Question 61

name a respiratory stimulant

Answer 61

doxapram

Question 62

what is the mode of action of doxapram?

Answer 62

increases chemoreceptor sensitivity to increase RR and tidal volume

Question 63

how is doxapram administered?

Answer 63

topical or parenteral

Question 64

what are the side effects of doxapram?

Answer 64

cardiac arrhythmias