P.O 2

Question 1

-is a complex and fascinating optical instrument that allows us to perceive the world around us.
- it function much like a camera capturing light and forming images on light sensitive surface

Answer 1

THE HUMAN EYE

Question 2

how the eye works:

Answer 2

1. Light entry
2. pupil ADJUSTMENT
3. lens focusing
4. image formation
5. signal transmission
6. brain interpretation

Question 3

THE HUMAN EYE HAS A FOUR REFRACTIVE MEDIA

Answer 3

1. cornea
2. aqueous humor
   (ant. chamber)
3. crystalline lens
4. vitreous humor
   (post. chamber)

Question 4

THE HUMAN EYE LIMITATIONS AND CORRECTION

Answer 4

1. myopia
2. hyperopia
3. astigmatism
4. presbyopia

Question 5

FROM COLORS AND SHAPES TO DISTANCE AND DEPTHS

Answer 5

Perceive the world around us

Question 6

the eye’s role in our lives

Answer 6

1. perceive the world around us
2. interact with others
3. enjoy activities

Question 7

-the eye is a system of coaxial spherical refracting surfaces.
-that is the center of curvature for the entire refracting surfaces lie on a common axis coaxial

Answer 7

centered or homocentric

Question 8

through the facial expressions, body language and eye contact

Answer 8

interact with other

Question 9

Are used to determine the basic imagong properties of lens , such as image size location and orientation

Answer 9

CARDINAL POINTS

Question 10

-I,II,III PURKINJE IMAGES ARE ERECT AND THEREFORE WILL APPEAR THE SAME DIRECTION AS THE LIGHT
-HOWEVER SINCE THE IV PURKINJE IMAGE IS INVERTED IT DEMONSTRATES.

Answer 10

MOTION OF THE PURKINJE IMAGES

Question 11

the refractive indices of the media that surround the refracting surfaces are uniform

Answer 11

that are cornea, aqueous,lens, vitreous

Question 12

from the fixation point to the centre of the entrance pupil (E) and then from the exit pupil (E’) to the fovea. the clinical counterpart of the visual axis.

Answer 12

LINE SIGHT

Question 13

three pairs of cardinal points on the optical axis of a rotationally symmetric lens:

Answer 13

focal points
principal points
nodal points

Question 14

6 cardinal points

Answer 14

FOCAL POINT F1 &F2
NODAL POINTS N1 &N2
PRINCIPAL POINTS P1& P2

Question 15

-The point at which light is precisely focused on the retina.
-is where the light from a parallel bundle of rays comes to focus.

Answer 15

FOCAL POINTS

Question 16

The points where the principal planes intersect with optical axis

Answer 16

PRINCIPAL POINT

Question 17

-LOCATION THROUGH WHICH ANY RAY FROM ANY ANGLE WILL PASS UNDEVIATED
- IF A RAY PASSES THROUGH THE NODAL POINT IT WILL NOT BE REFRACTED THAT IS IT WILL EXIT LENS WITH THE SAME ANGLE AT WHICH IT ENTERED

Answer 17

NODAL POINT

Question 18

cardinal point

Answer 18

p, p’= principal planes
n, n’= nodal point
f,f’= Focal point

Question 19

the line from the centre of the entrance pupil that intersects the cornea in a perpendicular manner. the clinical counterpart of the optical axis

Answer 19

PUPILLARY AXIS

Question 20

Formed between the pupillary axis and the line of sight at the centre counterpart of angle alpha

Answer 20

ANGEL LAMBDA

Question 21

key parameters

Answer 21

-radius curvature
-position
-index refraction

Question 22

MAJOR OPTICAL SURFACES

Answer 22

-anterior and posterior CORNEA
-ANTERIOR and posterior CRYSTALLINE LES

Question 23

-REFLECTIONS OF OBJECT FROM THE STRUCTURE OF THE EYE.

Answer 23

PURKINJE SANSON IMAGES

Question 24

ANTERIOR SURFACE OF THE CORNEA AND IT COMMONLY REFERRED TO AS CORNEAL REFLEX

Answer 24

PURKINJE SANSON IMAGE 1

Question 25

POSTERIOR SURFACE OF THE CORNEA

Answer 25

PURKINJE-SANSON IMAGE II

Question 26

-Formed a distant object the size of the image formed by a spherical mirror is directly proportional to the radius of curvature of the reflecting surface. -Fact that image I tells you that the radius of curvature the Posterior surface of the cornea is shorter than the radius for anterior surface.

Answer 26

PURKINJE SANSON IMAGE II

Question 27

ANTERIOR SURFACE OF THE LENS

Answer 27

PURKINJE SANSON IMAGE III

Question 28

- Posterior surface of the lens. -in the unaccommodated state image IV is the smallest purkinje image

Answer 28

PURKINJE SANSON IMAGE IV

Question 29

100x brighter than purkinje II

Answer 29

purkinje I

Question 30

20% brighter than purkinje III OR IV

Answer 30

PURKINJE II

Question 31

FORMED BETWEEN THE FIXATION AXIS AND THE OPTICAL AXIS AT THE EYE'S CENTRE OF THE ROTATION (C)

Answer 31

ANGEL GAMMA

Question 32

ANGELS

Answer 32

G-GAMMA A-ALPHA K,-KAPPA L-LAMBDA

Question 33

THE LINE THAT CONNECTS FIXATION POINT AND THE FOVEA AND THAT PASSES THROUGH THE NODAL POINTS

Answer 33

VISUAL AXIS

Question 34

the line connecting the centres of curvature of all REFRACTIng surfaces ( it is perpendicular to all REFRACTIng surfaces)

Answer 34

OPTICAL AXIS

Question 35

FORMED BETWEEN THE OPTICAL AND VISUAL AXIS AT THE NODAL POINT IN THE AVERAGE EYE THE OPTICAL ACIS IS DISPLACED TEMPORARILY (ABOUT 5 DEG) AND DOWN (1.5 DEG) WITH RESPECT TO THE VISUAL AXIS

Answer 35

ANGLE ALPHA

Question 36

clinical variables

Answer 36

Angle lambda (FIXATION status) corneal radius fixation distance pupil size

Question 37

Orbit and the extraocular muscles are embryologically derived from?

Answer 37

meso and neural crest cells

Question 38

primary movement of superior oblique muscles

Answer 38

INTORSION

Question 39

secondary movement of superior oblique muscles

Answer 39

Depression

Question 40

from fixation point to the centre of rotation (an imaginary reference point for eye movements that is about 14 mm behind the cornea)

Answer 40

FIXATION AXIS

Question 41

AXES

Answer 41

F-fixation O- Optical V- visual P-pupillary L-line of sight

Question 42

EOM MAJOR BLOOD SUPPLY

Answer 42

OPHTHALMIC ARTERYS MEDIAL AND LATERAL MUSCULAR BRANCH

Question 43

BLOOD SUPPLY OF SR,IR, MR

Answer 43

SINGLE BRANCH OF THE LACROMAL ARTERY

Question 44

OPHTHALMIC ARTERYS LATERAL MUSCULAR BRANCH

Answer 44

LR, SR,SO,LPS

Question 45

OPHTHALMIC ARTERY MEDIAL MUSCULAR BRANCH

Answer 45

MR,IR,IO

Question 46

fixation light held at ______ viewing distance

Answer 46

33cm

Question 47

BLOOD SUPPLY OF MR,IR,IO

Answer 47

ophthalmic arterys medial muscular branch

Question 48

Primary movement of inferior rectus

Answer 48

DEPRESSION

Question 49

Secondary movement of inferior rectus

Answer 49

INTOSION

Question 50

NERVE SUPPLY OF sr and LPS

Answer 50

CN III SUPERIOR DIVISION

Question 51

Blood supply of inferior rectus and inferior oblique muscle

Answer 51

infraorbital artery a branch of the maxillary artery

Question 52

PRIMARY MOVEMENT OF LATERAL RECTUS

Answer 52

ABDUCTION

Question 53

NERVE SUPPLY OF MR,IR,IO

Answer 53

CN III INFERIOR DIVISION

Question 54

TROCHLEAR NERVE INNERVATE

Answer 54

S.O

Question 55

NERVE SUPPLY OF SO

Answer 55

CN IV

Question 56

PRIMARY MOVEMENT

Answer 56

LR

Question 57

NERVE SUPPLY OF LATERAL RECTUS

Answer 57

CN VI

Question 58

THE ONLY EOM TO HAVE ITS ANATOMIC ORIGIN IN THE ANTERIOR ORBIT

Answer 58

IO

Question 59

its origin is from orbital floor lateral to nasolacrimal groove

Answer 59

IO

Question 60

TERTIARY MOVEMENT OF LATERAL RECTUS

Answer 60

NONE

Question 61

sr lenght

Answer 61

42 MM

Question 62

IO LENGTH

Answer 62

37, mm

Question 63

SO LENGHT

Answer 63

60mm

Question 64

MR LENGTH

Answer 64

40mm

Question 65

IR LENGTH

Answer 65

40mm

Question 66

IO LIMBUS INSERTION

Answer 66

5-14MM

Question 67

SO LIMBUS INSERTION

Answer 67

7.7 MM

Question 68

LR LIMBUS INSERTION

Answer 68

6.9mm

Question 69

MR LIMBUS INSERTION

Answer 69

5.5mm

Question 70

LR LENGTH

Answer 70

48mm