Pob Dim arall

Question 1

What did Mendel breed in his experiments?

Answer 1

Wrinkly green peas with round yellow peas

Question 2

What is Mendel’s 1st law of segregation?

Answer 2

The characteristics of an organism are determined by factors (genes) which occur in pairs.

Question 3

What is Mendel’s 2nd law of segregation also known as?

Answer 3

The law of independent assortment

Question 4

What is incomplete dominance?

Answer 4

A blend of both alleles can be seen in the phenotype

Question 5

Give an example of incomplete dominance.

Answer 5

Red, white, and pink carnations

Question 6

What is a monohybrid test cross used for?

Answer 6

To determine if an organism showing a dominant phenotype is homozygote or heterozygote

Question 7

What is a dihybrid test cross?

Answer 7

Crossing each genotype with homozygous for both characteristics

Question 8

What ratio is expected if the parent is heterozygous for both characteristics in a dihybrid test cross?

Answer 8

1:1:1:1 ratio

Question 9

What is codominance?

Answer 9

When two alleles are expressed in a phenotype

Question 10

What is linkage in genetics?

Answer 10

Genes occurring on the same chromosome and therefore being inherited together

Question 11

What is a chi-squared test used for?

Answer 11

To determine if the numbers and phenotypes of offspring produced in a genetic cross is close enough to the expected Mendelian ratio

Question 12

What does the formula for chi-squared involve?

Answer 12

Sum of (observed value - expected value)² / expected value

Question 13

What is the importance of meiosis?

Answer 13

Independent assortment of chromosomes explains why unlinked genes can combine to form all 4 kinds of gametes

Question 14

What is sex linkage?

Answer 14

A gene linked to a sex chromosome

Question 15

Why is hemophilia more common in men?

Answer 15

Men only need 1 dominant allele on X to express it, while women need two homozygous alleles.

Question 16

What can gene mutations lead to?

Answer 16

Survival advantage and evolution by natural selection

Question 17

What is a gene point mutation?

Answer 17

One mutated base, leading to an incorrect amino acid added to a polypeptide chain

Question 18

What does epigenetics study?

Answer 18

Changes in gene expression without changes to the DNA sequence

Question 19

What are the two types of variation in genetics?

Answer 19

Discontinuous and continuous variation

Question 20

What is interspecific competition?

Answer 20

Competition between individuals of different species for the same resources

Question 21

What is intraspecific competition?

Answer 21

Competition between individuals of the same species for the same resources

Question 22

Define gene pool.

Answer 22

All the alleles of all the genes of all the individuals in a population of sexually reproducing organisms.

Question 23

What is genetic drift?

Answer 23

The change in allele frequency in a population by chance

Question 24

What is the Hardy-Weinberg equation?

Answer 24

p² + 2pq + q² = 1

Question 25

What does natural selection do?

Answer 25

Allows advantageous mutations to be passed on, causing evolution

Question 26

What is allopatric speciation?

Answer 26

Evolution of a new species from demes isolated in different geographical locations

Question 27

What is sympatric speciation?

Answer 27

Evolution of a new species from demes sharing the same geographical location

Question 28

What is the purpose of the T-test?

Answer 28

To compare the means of two groups

Question 29

What was the goal of the Human Genome Project?

Answer 29

DNA sequencing of segments of DNA

Question 30

What technology did the 100k Genome Project use?

Answer 30

Next-generation sequencing (NGS)

Question 31

What is DNA profiling?

Answer 31

Using gel electrophoresis to separate segments of DNA

Question 32

What are the advantages of DNA profiling?

Answer 32

* See evolutionary relationships * Forensic cases to detect criminals

Question 33

What are the disadvantages of DNA profiling?

Answer 33

* Can falsely accuse people * Confidentiality issues

Question 34

What is genetic engineering?

Answer 34

The transfer of a gene from one organism into the DNA of another

Question 35

What are GM crops?

Answer 35

Genetically engineered crops for human consumption

Question 36

What is gene therapy?

Answer 36

Used to treat genetic disorders by inserting functional DNA sequences into cells

Question 37

What does genomics study?

Answer 37

Structure, function, evolution, and mapping of genomes

Question 38

What is tissue engineering?

Answer 38

Cultivation of cells on a synthetic framework to repair tissues or organs

Question 39

What are stem cells?

Answer 39

Cells that haven’t become specialized yet

Question 40

What is the role of skin in body defenses?

Answer 40

Tough barrier preventing microbes from entering the body

Question 41

What is the function of lysozyme?

Answer 41

An enzyme that kills bacteria

Question 42

What do ciliated mucous membranes do?

Answer 42

Trap microbes in inhaled air and pass them up for destruction

Question 43

What is the purpose of blood clotting?

Answer 43

Seals wounds quickly to prevent infection

Question 44

What is the difference between broad spectrum and narrow spectrum antibiotics?

Answer 44

Broad spectrum affects many species, narrow spectrum is more selective

Question 45

What is the humoral immune response?

Answer 45

B lymphocytes are activated by antigens and divide to form antibody-secreting plasma cells

Question 46

What is the difference between innate and adaptive immune responses?

Answer 46

* Innate: Natural responses * Adaptive: Responses that have adapted

Question 47

What is active immunity?

Answer 47

The body makes its own antibodies

Question 48

What is passive immunity?

Answer 48

Individual receives antibodies from someone else

Question 49

What do vaccinations stimulate?

Answer 49

Artificial active immunity

Question 50

What happens during the primary immune response?

Answer 50

Latent period before B cells undergo clonal expansion

Question 51

What characterizes the secondary immune response?

Answer 51

Very short latent period due to memory cells