Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Toxicology > Poisonous Plants - Exam 2 Part 1 > Flashcards

Poisonous Plants - Exam 2 Part 1 Flashcards

(55 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Red Rooted Pig Weed (Amaranthus retroflexus) toxin?

A

nitrates (NO3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Kochia Weed (scoparia) toxin?

A

nitrates (NO3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Lambs Quarter (Chenopodium spp.) toxin?

A

nitrates (NO3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Sudan Grass (Sorgum vulgare) toxin?

A

nitrates (NO3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Sunflower (Helianthus annus) toxin?

A

nitrates (NO3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Russian thistle (Salsola kali) toxin?

A

nitrates (NO3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

nitrates (NO3) toxicity MOA:

A

MOA: Plant Nitrate (NO3) in rumen → Nitrite (NO2) which reacts with Hb → Methemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are clinical signs for nitrate poisoning?

A

drowsiness, weakness, tremors, staggering gait, tachypnea, tachycardia, brown mucosa (muddy mm) (20% methemoglobin), hypoxic death (80% methemoglobin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are dangerous levels of nitrate in feed?

A

forage >1% NO3 dry matter toxic
>0.2% NO3 abortion risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the treatment for nitrate poisoning?

A

Methylene Blue (reduces methemoglobin so Hb can bind O2 and restore body w/ O2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what enhances nitrate toxicity that you should not supplement your animals with

A

monensin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Sorghum Hybrids - Johnson Grass (Sorghum halepense) toxin?

A

cyanide (prussic acid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Choke Cherry (Prunus virginiana) toxin?

A

cyanide (prussic acid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Service berry (Amelanchier alnifolia) toxin?

A

cyanide (prussic acid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Elderberry (Sambuccus canadensis) toxin?

A

cyanide (prussic acid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Mountain mahogony (Cercocarpus montanus) toxin?

A

cyanide (prussic acid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Arrow Grass (Triglochin maritima) toxin?

A

cyanide (prussic acid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Poison Suckleya (Suckleya suckleyana) toxin?

A

cyanide (prussic acid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Blue Flax (Linum lewisii) toxin?

A

cyanide (prussic acid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Bermuda Grass Hybrid (Tifton 85) toxin?

A

cyanide (prussic acid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Sudan Grass (Sorgum sudanensis) toxin?
species:
MOA:
symptoms:

A

cyanide (prussic acid)
ruminants & horses
chronic exposure to cyanogenic glycosides
urinary incontinence, hindleg weakness, goiter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

cyanide (prussic acid) poisoning MOA:

A

MOA: Cyanogenic glycosides hydrolyzed → HCN via glucosidases/hydroxynitrile lyase, HCN binds Fe3+ → inhibits cytochrome c oxidase → prevents utilization of O2 → O2 saturation of Hb & cellular anoxia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What plant components contribute to Cyanide poisoning?

Study These Flashcards
A

Highest toxicity in young rapidly growing plants in cool moist conditions

plant stress (drought, frost, wilting, chewing), water, alkaline pH 6-7 favors conversion

24
Q

What gastric conditions contribute to Cyanide poisoning?

Study These Flashcards
A

alkaline pH (acid reduces conversion)
ruminants > simple stomachs

25
What are clinical signs of cyanide poisoning?
Sudden death 1-2 hours, cherry red venous blood immediately after death, dilated pupils, ataxia, muscle tremors/convulsions, tachycardia, acute resp difficulty lesions such as pink mm, prolonged clotting, generalized congestion, hemorrhage in the heart/lungs
26
What is the treatment for cyanide poisoning in livestock?
Sodium Thiosulfate IV Sodium Nitrite or inhaled Amyl Nitrite
27
What is the treatment for cyanide poisoning in dogs?
Hydroxocobalamin (vitamin B12a) IV
28
Larkspur MOA
Methyllycaconitine (dominant MSAL-type) blocks nAChR at the NMJ
29
Larkspur clinical signs
sudden death 3-4 hours, muscular weakness, staggering gait, tachycardia, sternal then lateral recumbency, death from neuromuscular paralysis and/or bloat
30
Larkspur treatment:
treatment: - minimize stress, place head/chest uphill, stomach tube or trochar for bloat - Neostigmine (AChE inhibitor)
31
larkspur grazing management
less sensitive animals in high risk areas mineral salt supplements
32
Water Hemlock (Cicuta maculata) toxin?
toxin: Cicutoxin
33
water hemlock MOA
noncompetitive inhibitor of GABA
34
water hemlock clinical signs
convulsions, seizures, respiratory failure, sudden death 2-3 hours, violent chewing/tongue biting, bloat, mydriasis
35
water hemlock treatment
unlikely – pentobarbital experimented in sheep benzodiazepines or barbiturates in humans
36
Death Camas (Zigadenus venenosus) toxin & MOA:
toxin: cevanine steroidal alkaloid - Zygadenine MOA: alkaloids with hypotensive properties depolarize Na+ channels causing them to remain open resulting in hypotension and cardiovascular collapse → dilate arterioles, constrict veins, irregular heart rate
37
death camas clinical signs
salivation, nausea, vomiting, urination/defecation, muscular weakness/staggering, convulsions, coma, death
38
Yew toxin & clinical signs
Taxin A, B & Taxane sudden death, muscle trembling, difficulty breathing, bradycardia, arrhythmias, vomit, diarrhea, convulsions
39
milkweed MOA
Na/K ATPase inhibitor resulting in initial increase in cardiac contractility but increase vagal stimulation to slow heart rate
40
foxglove MOA
Na/K ATPase inhibitor resulting in initial increase in cardiac contractility but increase vagal stimulation to slow heart rate
41
milkweed clinical signs
Sudden death, cardiac arrhythmias, abdominal pain, diarrhea, rapid breathing, cold extremities, rapid/week irregular pulse
42
5 major treatment options for cardiac glycosides
1. emesis 2. activated charcoal + cathartic 3. monitor serum K+ 4. IV fluids 5. anti-arrhythmic drugs (KCl, procainamide, lidocaine, atropine, K2EDTA)
43
Lectins MOA
plant glycoproteins that bind to cell surface carbohydrates to facilitate entry into the cells and inhibit ribosomal protein synthesis
44
Lectin toxicity clinical signs
1-2 day lag period initially pyrexia, depression, anorexia, colic progresses to vomit, weakness, hemorrhagic diarrhea
45
3 plants associated with lectin toxicity
castor beans rosemary pea black locust
46
Castor Beans (Ricinus communis) toxin:
Lectins - Ricin, Ricinine, Ricinoleic Acid
47
Rosary Pea (Abrus precatorius) toxin?
Lectins - Abrin
48
Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) toxin?
Lectins - Robinin
49
Treatment for Lectin toxicity
removal of beans from GI via emesis or laxatives activated charcoal fluids, electrolytes vitamin C
50
Lily of the Valley (Convallaria majalis) toxin:
toxin: Cardiac Glycoside - Convallerin & Convallamarin
51
Avocado (Persea Americana) toxin
toxin: Cardiac Glycoside- Persin
52
Oleander (Nerium oleander) toxin:
toxin: Cardiac Glycoside - Oleandrin & Neriin
53
Yellow Oleander (Thevetia peruviana) toxin:
toxin: Cardiac Glycoside - Thevitin, concentrated in fruit
54
Azalea/Rhododendron (Rhododendron spp.) toxin:
cardiotoxin - toxin: Grayanotoxins - can accumulate in honey from bees
55
MOA for grayanotoxins found in rhododendrons and azaleas?
inhibit voltage gated Na+ channels

Toxicology (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions