Poisonous Plants - Exam 2 Part 3 Flashcards
(28 cards)
What are the 3 primary toxins associated with locoweed (Astragalas and oxytropis)?
Swainsonine
Miserotoxins
Se accumulators
How is swainsonine produced and what is its mechanism of action?
Produced by endophyte Embellisia
MOA: inhibits alpha mannosidase & golgi mannosidase II → lysosomal storage disease
What are the clinical syndromes associated with swainsonine poisoning in locoweed?
“Locoism” - CNS signs
repro failure
poor growth (mimics BVDV)
CHF due to high altitude hypoxia
lowered immune response
Horses – depression, incoordination, staggering gait, unpredictable behavior - HORSES DO NOT RECOVER
How might swainsonine poisoning be diagnosed?
Plant, serum, decreased alpha-mannosidase (6 days), elevated AP, AST, LDH, reduced thyroid or serum protein, cytoplasmic vacuoles in lymphocytes
Post-mortem – cellular vacuolization, stomach ulcers, thyroid hypertrophy
Sage poisoning – Clinical signs, toxins
monoterpene in horses, sesquiterpene lactones in other spp
Clinical signs: breath/feces smell of sage, CNS signs, non-specific degenerative encephalopathy - HORSES RECOVER
What are 2 common plants associated with chewing disease? Clinical signs?
Russian Knapweed and Yellow Star Thistle
Clinical signs: hypertonicity of facial & tongue mm, inhalation pneumonia, circling, head tossing, dehydration, starvation lead to death, nigropallidalencephalomalacia
What areas of the brain are necrotic in the Nigropallidalencephalomalacia that are the classic lesions in chewing disease?
globus pallidus
substantia nigra
Name 2 plants that contain a thiaminase that result in thiamine deficiency.
Bracken Fern
Horsetail
Name the other primary toxin in Bracken Fern?
Ptaquiloside
Describe the disease syndromes associated with bracken fern poisoning (This is best described in the Notes pdf)
Polioencephalomalacia
acute hemorrhage
progressive retinal degeneration in sheep
bladder/upper GI cancer “enzootic hematuria in cattle”
Describe the MOA of nicotine and nicotine-like alkaloids.
nicotinic ACh receptor agonists → reduced fetal movement
Describe the Clinical signs – early and late phases of nicotine and nicotine-like alkaloids.
Early phase clinical signs: abd pain, hypertension, tachycardia, miosis, tremors
Late phase clinical signs: hypotension, bradycardia, dyspnea, mydriasis, coma, resp failure
Describe the treatment of the nicotine and nicotine-like alkaloids.
cathartics
activated charcoal
atropine
IV fluids
List 4 plants associated with “crooked calf disease”
Tobacco
Poison Hemlock
Lupines
Locoweeds
What is the MOA for teratogenesis for tobacco, poison hemlock, lupines and locoweeds?
MOA: neuromuscular blockade and decreased fetal movement
when is the window of opportunity for cleft palate from tobacco, poison hemlock, lupines and locoweeds?
30-50 days for cleft palate,
when is the window of opportunity for MCC for tobacco, poison hemlock, lupines and locoweeds?
50-100 days for multiple congenital contractures “crooked calf disease”
Fabaceae family and principal toxins.
Quinolizidine Alkaloid Cytisine
Golden banner, golden chain tree, scotch broom, mescal bean, kentucky coffee tree, american coffee berry, kentucky mahogany
Describe the 3 poisoning syndromes associated with lupines.
Acute neurotoxic syndrome
Teratogenic
Lupinosis
Cyclopia in sheep and cattle is associated with what teratogenic plant?
western false hellebore, skunk cabbage, corn lily (Veratrum spp)
What is its mechanism of action for Veratrum spp (western false hellebore, skunk cabbage, corn lily)?
cyclopamine & cyclopasine inhibits hedgehog signaling pathway during embryonic development
What are the windows for damage of cyclopia and tracheal agenesis/cleft palate/short legs?
Cyclopia 13-14th day of gestation
Tracheal agenesis, cleft palate, short legs 30-35th days of gestation
Nitrate poisoning associated abortion occurs at what stage in pregnancy? How is it diagnosed?
Any stage of pregnancy
Diagnosis: > 40 ppm nitrate/ml fetal ocular fluid
Pine needle abortion toxin and MOA
isocupressic acid
inhibits uterine blood flow causing fetal stress and premature parturition
