Policy - 840 Class Notes Flashcards
1
Q
What are the three types of international criminological studies that appear most often in criminology and sociology?
A
- Studies of a single nation (other than the US)
- Comparative studies of two (or very small number) nations
- Studies that compare crime in a larger number of nations
2
Q
What is the main focus of single nation studies?
A
Examining something that may be unique to that country
3
Q
What is the main focus of comparative studies?
A
Examine comparisons between nations in terms of victimization, offending and other aspects of the criminal justice system.
4
Q
What is the main focus of larger scale comparative studies?
A
To examine national crime rates, normally between a few dozen countries.
5
Q
What are the four types of sources used by cross-national research?
A
- United Nations Surveys
- Interpol
- World Health Organization
- International Crime Victims Survey
6
Q
What are the limitations for using data collected by organizations? (Cross-Nationally)
A
- Focus on a narrow range of criminal behavior like violent crimes.
- White-collar crimes and victimless crimes are normally absent from these collections.
- There are varying definitions of crimes
- There are varying rates which the crimes are reported and varying times they are collected between nations.
7
Q
What is a problem with cross-national data?
A
- There are varying definitions of crimes
- Some crimes may not be a problem in other countries. (Stealing cars in Africa; but stealing bikes may be a problem)
- The data may be unreliable - we know crime is unreported
8
Q
What is “dispersal”?
A
The concept that males, in mammalian species, tend to move away from family, find novelty and engage in risk-taking around the age of maturity.
9
Q
Citation for Juvenile Justice and Crime
A
(Greenwood & Turner, 2009)
10
Q
What are the juvenile arrest rates like?
A
They are currently at a 40-year low.
11
Q
Are juvenile courts similar to arrest rates?
A
Yes, they are focused on punitiveness.
12
Q
Why is the UCR bad for looking at juvenile arrest rates?
A
The UCR does not provide identifying factor as to which is an adult crime and which is a juvenile crime.
13
Q
Do juveniles have the same rights adults do in court?
A
No, juveniles do not have the right to a jury or the right to bail.
14
Q
What are the obstacles to changing the juvenile justice system?
A
- The system relies on informal discretionary decision making
- The lack of legislative knowledge about juvenile court practices
- Shortage of community-based programs to deal with delinquent prone youth.
15
Q
Four Areas of Juvenile Justice Reform
A
- Revising the criteria under which juveniles can be waived to criminal court.
- Paying more attention to assessing and serving the mental health needs of juveniles.
- Increasing the use of evidence-based programs
- Estimating the benefits of evidence-based programs
16
Q
What is a judicial waiver?
A
The waiver that the court uses to transfer juveniles from juvenile court to adult court.
17
Q
Ranking system: Proven programs and strategies
A
Meet the blueprint qualifications for model programs - or our found effective by rigorous meta-analysis.
18
Q
Ranking system: Promising programs
A
Meets the blueprint for promising programs - may be supported by one or more rigorous evaluations showing reductions in risk-factor.
19
Q
Ranking system: Principles
A
Program features that have been found to be associated with more effective programs
20
Q
Ranking system: Ineffective programs
A
There are no significant findings or positive effects - the DARE program
21
Q
Ranking system: Ineffective programs
A
There are no significant findings or positive effects - the DARE program
22
Q
What is the “bullying prevention program?”
A
This program was developed for elementary and middle school children. Teachers and parents developed strict rules and enforcement of rules about bullying. After two years there has been a 50% reduction in bullying.
23
Q
What is the “multisystemic therapy program?”
A
This is a family based program designed to help parents deal effectively with their youths behavioral problems.
24
Q
What are the best explanatory power of serious or violent c offending?
A
- Antisocial parents
- Male gender
- Low SES
- Psychological factors
25
What are the best explanatory power of serious or violent offending?
- Antisocial parents
- Male gender
- Low SES
- Psychological factors
26
What is social homogamy?
Convicted people tend to choose each other because of physical and close proximity.
27
What is phenotype assortment?
People tend to choose people who are similar to themselves.
28
What are six possible explanations for why offending is concentrated in certain families?
- Intergenerational - exposure to risk factors
- Assorative mating (females marry male offenders)
- Influences of family members on each other
- The effect of a criminal parent on a child's offending is mediated by environmental mechanisms
- The effect of a criminal parent on a child's offending is mediated by genetic mechanisms
- Official bias against known criminal families
29
What are six possible explanations for why offending is concentrated in certain families?
- Intergenerational - exposure to risk factors
- Assorative mating (females marry male offenders)
- Influences of family members on each other
- The effect of a criminal parent on a child's offending is mediated by environmental mechanisms
- The effect of a criminal parent on a child's offending is mediated by genetic mechanisms
- Official bias against known criminal families
30
Roper v Simmons
(2005) You could no longer execute a juvenile unless they were 18+. Adolescents are different than adults.
31
Who did the majority opinion for Roper v Simmons
Anthony Kennedy
32
Graham v Florida
(2010) You cannot sentence juveniles under the age of 18 to life w/o the possibility of parole for non-homicide offenses.
33
Miller v Alabama
(2012) There cannot be a mandatory sentence of life w/o the possibility of parole. It was considered cruel and unusual punishment. You can still sentence juveniles to life w/o parole but it cannot be mandatory.
34
Which state has the largest group of juveniles serving life without the possibility of parole?
Pennsylvania. PA tends to not release people.
35
Which state has the largest group of juveniles serving life without the possibility of parole?
Pennsylvania. PA tends to not release people.
36
What is happening with brain research?
Brain research is getting cheaper, thus we are able to keep learning and running tests.
37
What is happening with brain research?
Brain research is getting cheaper, thus we are able to keep learning and running tests.
38
What are the three waivers for juveniles to adult court?
- Prosecutoral discretion
- Judicial discretion
- Statutory exclusions
39
What is the cycle of juvenile justice?
We are liberal until we get conservative and then we go back to liberal.
-Simply, we focus on rehabilitation and then punishment and then rehabilitation.
40
What was the justice system like in the 1980s and 1990s?
It was conservative. We started waiving juveniles to adult courts, publishing juveniles names in the papers and focused on harsher punishments.
41
What is LEEP?
Law Enforcement Educational Program - Funded officers to get college degrees. Worked around their schedule and promoted education.
42
What is LEAA?
Law Enforcement Assistants Administration - Develop different programs.
43
What is the JJDPA?
The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Act (1974) - Focused on getting juveniles with statutory offenses out of residential facilities (deinstitutionalized). And enacted sight and sound separation meaning juveniles could not have any contact with the adult population in jails/prisons.
44
How did judges respond to the deinstitutionalization of juvenile delinquents?
Judges were upset by this. So they would make a court order saying if you dont do x,y,z, you will come back to court and we will put you in a residential facility.
45
Which two states process juveniles in adult court once they turn 16?
New York and North Carolina
46
What is the JJDPA?
The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act (1974) - Focused on getting juveniles with statutory offenses out of residential facilities (deinstitutionalized). And enacted sight and sound separation meaning juveniles could not have any contact with the adult population in jails/prisons.
47
How did judges respond to the deinstitutionalization of juvenile delinquents?
Judges were upset by this. So they would make a court order saying if you dont do x,y,z, you will come back to court and we will put you in a residential facility.
48
What were the two changes that came from Miller v Alabama?
Some states took a retrospective approach and reduced previous sentences. Other states commuted sentences (took it from life w/o parole to a specific number of years).
49
What is an "iron triangle?" ****
An iron triangle involves three groups of people.
1. Executive powers
2. Congressional Committees
3. Interested Groups
50
What are executive powers (Iron Triangle)?
Deals with the problems everyday. These groups make the program/policy seem more logical by supporting it. EX: Department of Justice and the FBI
51
What are Congressional committees (Iron Triangle)?
These people are powerful, the draft the documents or the bills.
52
What are the Interested Groups (Iron Triangle)?
Typically have time, money, or power to offer congress. These groups can have all three.
53
What are the Interested Groups (Iron Triangle)?
Typically have time, money, or power to offer congress. These groups can have all three.
54
Crime Policy is derived from...
3 groups.
55
What is the "garbage can model?"
You throw everything into the policy model and it comes out like garbage. It will not tell you how it is related. EX: The Patriot Act
56
How many juvenile justice systems are in the United States?
51 - 50 state systems and one federal system.
57
How have we moved toward intervention and prevention?
- Emphasis on brain development
- Maltreatment - emphasis on decreasing delinquency
- Trauma informed approach
- Residential facilities have dropped from 100,000 to 55,000
58
What is the restorative justice triangle?
- Competency development
- Accountability
- Community protection
(Making people accountable for their actions, protecting the community by repairing the harm done to victims and providing the skills to function in society)
59
Which groups are most likely to be effected by the change in labor markets?
Less educated males and previous offenders.
60
What is the community level approach?
The role of local communities during reintegration, in lowering and preventing crime. (Not the most effective approach)
61
What is a community?
Communities are normally broken down geographically or by the government - however, the boundaries can be set by the community. EX: territories that belong to one gang or another.
62
What is neighborhood stratification?
The socially structured dimensions of disadvantage. Geographic isolation of the poor or the racial isolation of African Americans.
63
What is collective efficacy?
The linkage of trust and the willingness to intervene when it is for the good of the community.
64
What is the demand side of the labor market?
We create jobs for incarcerated individuals - gave business' incentives to hire. (Did not work)
65
What is the supply side of the labor market?
You increase the job skills. (Found it did work for about 20% of people - older individuals)
66
What is creaming?
Taking the best of the best
67
Why is it harder to return to the job market?
You become detached after 10-15 years. EX: Someone being released at 35.
68
Describe ban the box.
Hi babe! I'm just going to talk here. I've got a powerpoint for you to reference. I love you.
69
What is the neighborhood matching fund?
Program based in Seattle Washington - matches community funds to community organizations specifically for neighborhood improvement.
70
Social disorganization theory
Mechanisms that link community characteristics to crime. Characteristics: cultural heterogeneity; controlling group level dynamics, the cohesiveness of the residents and control of teenage behaviors.
71
As social organization and collective efficacy increase, what happens to the community?
The rate of robbery, violence and street crimes go down.
72
What is the "broken windows theory?"
The concept that if police are able focus on disorder they can reduce overall serious crime. By cracking down on less serious crime they can reduce the fear and withdrawal from the residents. As residents withdraw from a community, it is left open to criminals; "the residents don't care about the neighborhood so I (a criminal) won't be confronted by strangers.
73
What are some examples of "broken windows"
prostitution, drunk in public, trash, increased fear of crime.
74
How can we fix "broken windows"
Picking up trash, stagger the bar closing times, increase community cohesiveness through sports, walking and other programs.
75
What did the 13th amendment do?
Abolished slavery
76
What did the 14th amendment do?
Provided equal rights for all
77
What was the Baldus Study?
Examined 230 non-racial variables into sentencing. Found, the race of the VICTIM had a significant correlation with capital sentences. If you killed a white person you were 4.3 times more likely to be sentenced to death than if you killed a black person. Supreme court said this study was invalid.
78
What was the Baldus Study?
Examined 230 non-racial variables into sentencing. Found, the race of the VICTIM had a significant correlation with capital sentences. If you killed a white person you were 4.3 times more likely to be sentenced to death than if you killed a black person.
79
What was the McCleskey Ruling?
The supreme court did not settle on the legal status of the Baldus study. They did not find it valid and did not accept the study for arguments sake. They also believed that if McCleskey was discriminated against, it still didn't matter.
80
What is the problem with the war on drugs?
The way officers investigate - they focus on impoverished, urban, predominately black communities. And the motivation behind racial profiling is more important than the actual outcomes.
81
What is the problem with the war on drugs?
The way officers investigate - they focus on impoverished, urban, predominately black communities. And the motivation behind racial profiling is more important than the actual outcomes.
82
Why is there violence in the drug market?
Violence occurs because there is a fight for money, power and territory surrounding the drugs. Violence is the only way to settle these disputes because it cannot go through the justice system - drugs are illegal.
83
Why is there violence in the drug market?
Violence occurs because there is a fight for money, power and territory surrounding the drugs. Violence is the only way to settle these disputes because it cannot go through the justice system - drugs are illegal.
84
Are neighborhoods heterogeneous?
Yes. This means that neighborhoods are normally made up of different people. This is typical of US neighborhoods.
85
What percent of females are in the police force?
Less than 15%
86
What percent of females are in the police force?
Less than 15%
87
What is affirmative action? ***
The idea that we can break down barriers, provide equal rights and level the playing field.
88
Remember Chapter 20 for QUALIFIERS!******
Remember Chapter 20 for QUALIFIERS!******
89
Who is Jim Fyfe?
Jim Fyfe was a NY lieutenant who went back to earn his PhD after serving with the NYPD for 15 years. He is a large name in policing - emphasized evidence-based practices and seemed legit because of his background as an officer not just a scholar.
90
Who is Jim Fyfe?
Jim Fyfe was a NY lieutenant who went back to earn his PhD after serving with the NYPD for 15 years. He is a large name in policing - emphasized evidence-based practices and seemed legit because of his background as an officer not just a scholar.
91
What is displacement policing?
The thought that crime will move to another location - this is untrue.
92
What are effects of police size?
Asks whether adding police officers to an agency lowers the crime rate.
93
What are effects of police activity?
Asks whether changes in deployment practice and strategy affect crime rate.
94
What is 3rd party policing?
When the police get tough on an owner of a business. The business starts to regulate themselves and take responsibility by lowering crime that happens on their watch. The idea that "we will make you do the work."
95
What is restorative justice?
You bring victims and offenders together. What can the offender do to restore your sensibility and comfort about crime.
96
What is restorative justice?
You bring victims and offenders together. What can the offender do to restore your sensibility and comfort about crime.
97
What is ethnocentrism? (ethnocentric ideas)
Judging another culture solely by the values of your own culture. Judging other groups relative to the individuals own ethnic group or culture.
98
What does it mean to say "we take ethnocentric ideas that what works here will work there?"
This means that we think because it works in the US than it will work in other countries too. Similarly, if we see something that works in another country, it does not mean it will work here.
99
What does it mean to say "police smarter, not tougher?"
By employing evidence based practices, we can police better, without using force or getting tough on crime.
100
What does it mean to say "police smarter, not tougher?"
By employing evidence based practices, we can police better, without using force or getting tough on crime.
101
What is predictive policing?
The concept that we try to predict where, when, how and by whom a crime will be committed. These are predicted by statistical analyses of large data bases.
102
What are hot spots? ***
Locations with highly elevated risks of crime. This is determined when 3% (ish) of all of the street addresses in any city generate 50% of all police calls.
103
What are hot spots? ***
Locations with highly elevated risks of crime. This is determined when 3% (ish) of all of the street addresses in any city generate 50% of all police calls.
104
What age does crime peak?
Crime peaks between age 16-25.
105
What happened to youth violence in 1994?
Homicide rates increased in 1994 because there was a shift with the drug shift (crack v. cocaine)
106
What happens if you increase police presence and numbers?
You can decrease crime - this goes along with hot spots.
107
What happens if the economic conditions go down?
There is an increase rate of crime.
108
What problems do female officers face?
Female officers have to avoid being too feminine because they won't be able to "hack it." But if they are too masculine they may be considered homosexual.
109
What problems do female officers face?
Female officers have to avoid being too feminine because they won't be able to "hack it." But if they are too masculine they may be considered homosexual.
110
What are five problems offenders face during reentry?
- Housing
- Employment
- Social Bonds
- Medication
111
How many offenders are released yearly? How many return?
There are about 650,000 offenders who are released every year and about 50% will return to prison.
112
If Obama came to you and asked you to tell him how we can help with reentry and what we need to do - what would you say?
We should invest in treatment programs. This can be done by reinvesting the money from downsizing. Knowing the target population. And have awareness of high risk offenders. Get services for offenders
113
What contributed to mass incarceration?
- Politics (getting tough on crime)
- Ideology (we were more conservative)
- Media (The media focuses on violent crimes)
114
What contributed to mass incarceration?
- Politics (getting tough on crime)
- Ideology (we were more conservative)
- Media (The media focuses on violent crimes)
115
Is capital punishment effective?
NO!
116
Is capital punishment effective?
NO!
117
Is capital punishment effective?
NO!
118
Is the neighborhood matching fund effective?
It does not have any crime reduction or initiatives but indirectly effects crime crates & that why it is effective. Also its low cost with high pay-offs.
119
Why has policy changed overtime?
- Limited resources (changes when they do not have the money)
- Increased technologies (we can do so much in a little time)
- Greater accountability (we gave you money, what did you do with it)
120
Why has policy changed overtime?
- Limited resources (changes when they do not have the money)
- Increased technologies (we can do so much in a little time)
- Greater accountability (we gave you money, what did you do with it)
121
What are the influences of the criminal justice system?
- Ideology
- Media attention
- Political aspects
122
What are the influences of the criminal justice system?
- Ideology
- Media attention
- Political aspects
123
Just because there is a policy does not mean it is being followed.
Just because there is a policy does not mean it is being followed.
124
Just because there is a policy does not mean it is being followed.
Just because there is a policy does not mean it is being followed.
125
Why is deterrence bad?
It does not deliver and it does not change the behaviors.
126
Why is deterrence bad?
It does not deliver and it does not change the behaviors.
127
Planned change...
is limited in scope and is very specific with clear goals.
128
Unplanned change...
is in reaction to something that happened. It is ineffective, wasteful use of resources. EX: School violence has decreased but we still have zero tolerance policies - that are stupid.
129
Why has policy changed overtime?
- Limited resources (changes when they do not have the money)
- Increased knowledge and technologies (we can do so much in a little time)
- Greater accountability (we gave you money, what did you do with it)
130
Unplanned change...
is in reaction to something that happened. It is ineffective, wasteful use of resources. EX: School violence has decreased but we still have zero tolerance policies - that are stupid.
131
What are the three research traditions:
- Contextual effect of sanctions
- Deterrent effect of risk perceptions
- Experiential effect of behavior
132
Inclusive v. Exclusive polices
- Inclusive policies mean you bring the offenders into the community and exclusion means you exclude them from the community.
133
What are the benefits and drawbacks of technology?
- Technology may not always work, concerned w/ confidential information getting out, training needed to understand the technology.
- You can get information faster
134
What are the benefits and drawbacks of technology?
- Technology may not always work, concerned w/ confidential information getting out, training needed to understand the technology.
- You can get information faster
135
What is the change agent in policy?
The have to plan, collaborate and train the staff.
136
How do you handle resistance?
- Collaboration strategies
| - Conflict strategies
137
What are the dangers to planned change?
- Individuals can resist change
| - It is seems like there is consensus but really there is resistance
138
What are collaboration strategies? (For change)
You want people who are not excited about the change. You can work together with ALL parties involved, not just the ones who are in favor of the idea. The hope is that ultimately, the community will come on-board.
139
What is are conflict strategies? (For change)
These strategies are adversarial in manner. The ones who resist the change are seen as opponents who are must get on-board or be coerced. The resources are normally scarce, benefits are only high for some - others will suffer. Creates greater resistance, change is probably temporary. You do not get long time change.
140
What is are conflict strategies? (For change)
These strategies are adversarial in manner. The ones who resist the change are seen as opponents who are must get on-board or be coerced. The resources are normally scarce, benefits are only high for some - others will suffer. Creates greater resistance, change is probably temporary. You do not get long time change.
141
What are the seven stage model for planned change?
- Analyze the problem
- Set the goals and objectives
- Design the program or policy
- Develop an action plan
- Monitor program or policy implementation
- Develop a plan for evaluation outcomes
- Reassess and review
142
What are the seven stage model for planned change?
- Analyze the problem
- Set the goals and objectives
- Design the program or policy
- Develop an action plan
- Monitor program or policy implementation
- Develop a plan for evaluation outcomes
- Reassess and review
143
What are police and probation partnerships?
This is when the police and probation officers go riding together and look for people who are breaking their probation - then the police can arrest them. Or the probation officers will go with police and find people who can immediately be searched.
144
What are three general deterrence policies?
- Three strikes
- Broken windows
- Mandatory sentences
145
What are "backdoor" violations?
When we get people back in prison and jail for technical violations.
146
What is the international approach on capital punishment?
Most countries hate it and say the US look like barbarians because we still use it.
147
What is Intensive supervision probation? (ISP)
- Contacted probationers 3-5x a day
| - Recidivism was high b/c the probation officers contacted them repeatedly & had a higher chance of recidivism.
148
What is Intensive supervision probation? (ISP)
- Contacted probationers 3-5x a day
| - Recidivism was high b/c the probation officers contacted them repeatedly & had a higher chance of recidivism.
149
What is the problem with certain trainings?
People can get the training but it does not mean that they will implement it in practice. EX: Title IX - a big joke.
150
What were the 5 main lessons from Project Hope?
- You can't praise a program w/o rigorous training
- Do you know it will do long term
- With which population does it work? Only use it for the target population
- Do your own research/ what do the offenders think
- Project fidelity
151
What is project fidelity?
Is the program being delivered and implemented in the way it was meant to be implemented? Programs work better when implemented by professionals.
152
Why did crime rates drop?
- Police increase
- Crack epidemic decreased
- More people are incapacitated
153
Incarceration rates were driven by what three factors?
- Crime rates
- Number of prison sentences per number of crimes committed
- Expected length to serve (Raphael, 2011)
154
Incarceration rates were driven by what three factors?
- Crime rates
- Number of prison sentences per number of crimes committed
- Expected length to serve (Raphael, 2011)
155
What does "hypersegerated" mean?
Poor people are so poor and richer people do not want to move to poor neighborhoods. And they do not want poor people in their "backyard"
156
What is an example of exclusion policies?
After you serve your sentence you will never vote again and we will exclude you from society.
157
What is an example of inclusive policies?
Restorative justice; juvenile records were expunged.
158
What is an example of inclusive policies?
Restorative justice; juvenile records were expunged.
159
What is justice reinvestment?
We are diverting the money you could have spent and giving it to the program you are sending them to.
160
What is the "Moving to Opportunity" programs? Does it work?
A federal demonstration project that combined rental assistance with housing counseling to move families from low incomes from areas of high poverty. It suggested that moving to a less-poor neighborhood significantly reduce child/family victimization rates.
