Political Flashcards
(41 cards)
1
Q
Contested Border Examples
A
- Kosovo - UN member states disagree border Kosovo / Serbia
- UK/Ireland
- Macedonia / Albania
- Israel / Palestine
- Kashmir
2
Q
Establishing Nation-State CS
A
Peace of Westphalia (1648)
- ended religious wars Europe
- establish European sovereign states + boundaries
- Balance of Power
- Secular power
3
Q
Creating Sovereign Territory CS
A
- Arctic N Canada contested, belong no nation-state
- Canada claim sovereignty by extending citizenship to indigenous there and thus claiming Arctic always been Canada
- Resettled inuit towns
4
Q
Agnew and Corbridge (1995)
The Territorial Trap
A
- Political theory state = exercise power through central pol institutions and spatial territory within state exercises power - social relations inside territory, outside relates to other states
- globalisation challenge territorial state - is it obsolete - CW and scaling up of space eg. spatial division labour global competition, not just in state - pol identities no longer tied to one nation state - problem seeing state container social, econ, pol life - what about time-space compression
- space as territorial or structural (eg. structural relationship core and periphery) misses history
- security linked defending territorial state - sovereign power real thing at stake
- development allegiances medieval to identity based membership space (modern state)
- society = social organisation within territory state - totalising power territorial state
5
Q
Painter and Jeffrey (2009)
State Formation
A
- state touches all aspects life - shapes upbringing, education, social interactions according state norms
- territorial state = blocks world map - recognise world borders + states = hard solve conflicts like Israel / Palestine as believe no two states same territory
- border contestations strengthen principle modern state
- high politics concerned existence state (war etc) vs low politics everyday eg. education, health - vary importance eg. war high more important - over time / development = low more important (south now often still high)
- globalisation challenge state sovereignty - new forms governmentally eg. UN, EU
- state formation tied to colonialism Europe and developing now expected develop same way
- despotic power (power elites do things without reference society) and infrastructural power (reach out across society) - state needs both be effective
6
Q
Walls Examples x5
A
Trump US-Mexico - £4.5 bn to build and maintain - wall not a solution, a rhetoric Great Wall of China - keep out N mongols - signify unification states south and north - marks border - channel trade Hadrian's Wall - mark N boundary Roman empire Berlin Wall - contain population - symbolic end CW / polarised pol order - Bretton Woods system success post WW2 - unify globe single econ system Israel / Palestine wall 2000 - justifies right state Israel to exist
7
Q
Hobbes (1651)
A
sovereign state save humans from chaotic state of nature
8
Q
Schmitt (1927)
A
Walls = material declaration friends and enemies (inside and outside)
9
Q
Wendy Brown (2010)
A
Wall = mark of weak sovereign / fragile sovereignty / weak heart of the state (attempting to show strength)
10
Q
Anderson (1983)
A
creation imagined community of people united under nation
11
Q
Foucault (1975/6)
A
- Spatial techniques involved in exercise power (spatial organisation prisons)
- governmentally = concern people in territory of state - people become population
- POWER - apparatus of power, how people become subjects of political power - different modalities of power dominant different times in history
- sovereign power = power to let live and make die - public execution (sovereign shows power over life by exercising death) - transformation mechanisms power west from this domination to control of subjects - wars now waged populations, life management, survival not in name sovereign
- death was power sovereign or God now individual, private right
- body as a machine efficiency, benefit society
- Species body - biopolitics = regulations eg. BR, migration, public health
- disciplinary power - body as political anatomy - biopower - body as a vehicle - improve yourself - prisons site reform
- biopower expression modern pol organisation under capitalism - enhance whole population - capitalism can’t happen without controlled input bodies into machinery of production and adjustment pop to econ processes
- biopolitics turn human life into object management
- personal is political
- Prison - Bentham’s Panopticon
12
Q
Marx
A
- State power tied up with class - dominant social group interests advanced - yet state acts as autonomous as a territorial defined institution
- Historical materialism - historical developments product of mode of production (tech and social conditions through produce life) - material basis society - essentially changed world through patterns social organisation around production
- capitalism = a mode of production which produced profit / surplus through worker exploitation - workers need class consciousness - start identity politics labour movement (workers as commodity, used - rise up class struggle)
13
Q
Weizman (2007)
Barrier Archipelagos
A
Israel / Palestine Wall (2002, $3bn)
- material embodiment of Israeli state ideology
- wall constantly changing - segregation, shifting frontier
- Israel control below and above ground (aquifers and skies)
- horrific impact Palestinians = global campaign
- claim wall geographical / topographical eg. control high valleys needed safety - Israeli state security lens
- issues eg. settlements want in West Israeli safe side (Alfei-Menashe) - Palestinian settlements often split result across different sides wall
- pressure move wall eg. include Jerusalem biblical site or nature reserves etc
- wall Israeli present temp solution crisis - stopping movement, not defining states
- attempt to split transport and movement of two above/ below ground - overlapping national geographies - territorial networks different dimensions
14
Q
US + UK Colonial relations
A
- US post-colonial nation (GB rule)
- US response GB domination rubber (cars) - want change geopolitical situation - US saw GB evil domination science + tech - US want develop monopoly = transformation South America for rubber
15
Q
Bridge (2010)
Carbon economies
A
- natural resources = products cultural, econ, pol work (commodification)
- carbon key organisation social life - using and trying control it (resources and CC)
- need focus carbon whole chain production, from extraction in problem CC - carbon societal structure and development path not just emissions problem
- carbon economies depend scarcity - those with resources advantage of those don’t own
- territorial claims frontier carbon eg. indigenous communities land claims and resource concessions
- resource making involves accumulation by dispossession
- old vs new carbon economy - LEDCs new, clean vs MEDCs invest - CDM
- resource making activities = matters territorialisation
- Baldwin (2009) - boreal forests Canada - forests space of carbon - pol geog racial difference
- uneven geog fossil fuels - N/S core periphery
- political identities linked carbon - carbon is cultural - eg. depend carbon, CC, carbon footprints, responsibilities
16
Q
Chloe Enloe (1989) Bananas Carmen Miranda
A
- Carmen Miranda 1940s movie star used US stereotype Latin American women - make Latin America safe for US banana companies when US imperialism being criticised - popular culture for foreign policy
- Gendered pol economy banana - male cooperate, landowners + workers - women seen as customers eg. housewives concerned nutrition = feminized market, United Fruit Company Chiquita Banana 1944 - create brand name loyalty women
- Latin America w US corporate dominance = 82% world’s banana exports vs Africa local business, farms
- Banana Republics = countries in clutches foreign companies supported repressive politics own gov (central America United Fruit) - monoculture, plantations
- Plantations also racial element - white managers etc
- women 8% plantation employees (wash and package - different points production line different genders) - often feminized small agriculture take over farms at home men plantations but less productive as denied access seeds, unions etc., can’t own land
- banana industry sexualised - prostitution to control male workforce, women need extra money, plantation managers debated use prostitution = easier recruit men and stopped sin homosexual relations
- 1990s banana wars - EU debate if should continue tariffs Latin America bananas to continue supporting Africa colonial ties small farmers - US won (WTO said against global econ order and competition)
- female mobilisations bananeras - into unions, take issues female poor conditions and responsibilities at home - workshops help women get union leadership spots
17
Q
Gregg Mitman (2010 / 2017) Liberia
A
- Tradition land belongs commons, US colonisers try buy land = conflict
- 1926 Harvard expedition to Liberia - first rubber company set up - US rubber company dominance, firestone plantation = communities relocated, forced road construction, open door policy forced - rubber belt along river
- Liberian’s land rights eroding
- Liberian Civil Wars 1989-2003 - erosion culture, generational divides
- now communities mapping their land eg. if within logging concession
- 2015 discussed land rights bill which would allow people own land without gov, concession interference but year later still not law
18
Q
Young (2003)
Postcolonialism
A
- postcolonial remains - condition unfinished business - people and politics must deal aftermath colonial history
19
Q
Said (1978)
Orientalism
A
- representations as colonial people as oriental or other = justification power hierarchies + domination, strip colonised status human, represented colonisers as civilised and colonised as barbaric, convinced colonised they were inferior
- knowledge colonial spaces and people bound domination
- colonialism took place through representation
- Said challenges western knowledge and power relation orient
- orient = place Europe’s oldest colonies, source European civilisation - define in opposition orient
- orientalism institution deal w orient
- Fr/GB colonialism
- obscures political circumstances in knowledge production
- political imperialism governs whole field of study, imaginations and institutions
- Said oriental child GB colonies palestine and egypt
- web racism, cultural stereotypes, pol imperialism + dehumanising ideology
20
Q
Spitz (2007)
Tahiti- Island of Shattered Dreams
A
- Tahiti used nuclear testing CW (French Polynesia)
- impossibility resist nuclear destruction result colonial rule
- characters taught french education system, separates from history
21
Q
Postcolonial Authors and ideas
A
- Fanon (1952) - how colonised take on discourses of having been othered - colonised conditions
- Spivak (1988) - what does it mean to be educated land and framework colonisers - youth impacts - language, distortion of oneself
- Hall (1996) - discourse, representations producing colonisers image world
- Chakrabarti (2000) - need not see Europe centre world
22
Q
Chari (2008)
racial and spatial control
A
- barbed wire - technology of power violent limits movement people and animals (concentration camps) - capitalist + militarist innovations into state racial + spatial control C20th - illegal seizure space to inflict pain + concentrate capital and power - control tied capitalist production space
- Auschwitz = spatial cumulation Nazi racial capitalist policy - social hierarchy camps = social + spatial order - factory product capital, racial ideology + urban planning
- dehumanisation works chain bio political caesuras - separating populations from people, first non-Aryans then Jews etc until can be reduced no further
- Israel trying create space empty Palestinians by fortification - partition space through biopolitics of ethno-racial security
- attempt engineer perfect separation (above / below ground networks) reaches limits territorial solutions to state racism
23
Q
Cheney-Lippold (2011)
Biopolitics and Algorithms
A
- algorithms infer identity categories of users based web surfing
- code = architecture, constructs space use online
- group identification based marketing logic of consumption
- categories based on stats define membership - more info, more specific users identification becomes, can change with more info
- search engine filter results dependent user’s identity
- digital constructions categories identity
- category construction = bio political endeavour - eg male online category get certain health ads. traditional biopolitical action of medical services helps manage life. state can biopolitically aim to reduce STIs men by advertising condoms online - practices soft biopower = mechanisms regulatory control. Process identification online mediated soft biopolitics, as user identities into categories that influence state bio political decisions.
- losing ownership meaning categories make up our identities - algorithm control, similar biopower works
24
Q
Identity Politics - Social Movement Examples
A
- Feminism - first, second, third wave - ME TOO
- first wave = suffrage
- 2nd = contraception, abortion, equality workplace
- 3rd = equal to men work - broader oppressions eg difference race, class
- Vietnam War 1960s US
- LGBTQ+ (AIDs 80s) - Foucault gay
- Standing Rock protests Dakota access pipeline - water is life slogan
25
Identity Politics Main CS
| Nelson, 2016
Black Panther Party - Black Power Movement
(also black lives matter movement)
- protests, holding guns, connect black community breakfast programmes, party paper, imagery pig for police, public assassination Martin Luther King, international connections, imprisoned
- secret counterintelligence movement against black nationalism by state to destroy movement
- Nixon power 69 = BPP identified creates threat to US (time Vietnam war) - political move, increased brutality
- eventual disintegration party due in part counterintelligence - Huey vs Eldridge
26
Crenshaw (1989) Intersectionality
- born out frustration separation race and gender inequalities in feminist texts
- challenged idea gender main factor determining women's fate - Hooks 2014
27
Painter and Jeffrey (2009)
| Identity Politics and Social Movements
- fear identity theft made it political
- multi-sided identities
- is identity an essence of being or a social position - can we change it
- Identity politics occurs when difference = source conflict
- social movements associated politicisation identity - certain identities politicised certain ways so become object movements
- identities may associated place, geographies
28
Women Working Class Struggle
/
Labour Struggle
- 1912 women textile strike mill town Lawrence, MA, USA
- 40 hour work week = strikes
- passed laws shorten working hours women and children eg. in factories - but also cut pay
- not enough to live on so strike - Bread & Roses call working people deserved slither good life, not just make ends meet / survival
/
Coalminers Strike UK (pride film)
29
Levinson (2006)
- shipping container infrastructure transformed how goods move land and sea
- shipping cheap and globalisation possible
30
Marx and Harvey (1989)
- Marx said capitalism has ability to annihilate space by time
- space time compression
31
Algorithmic / software infrastructures
- Uber changed international regulation as well movement - forces gov make decisions about cars on road, regulations driving and labour
- Air bnb - platform pol contestation eg. New Orleans contested with Hurricane Katrina loss house - people buying houses at expense locals rent to tourists - transformed city landscape
32
Cowen (2014)
- logistics = way of seeing world - logistics transformed commodity chains - spaces increasingly connected, production seen less important - transformed how se spaces and politics
33
Steinberg (2007)
vs
Schmitt (2007)
- rise logistics = oceans seen spaces to think about politics
- Schmitt oceans not important for politics
34
Terraforming / Sand Mining example
- Sand Malaysia exported to middle east and Africa - expand shorelines used development and tourism
35
Moodie (2010)
| Ramaphosa and national union mineworkers
- National Union of Mineworkers val reefs gold mine 1985 protests
- meetings without authorisation, workers boycott liquor outlets, started working 4 hour shifts, didn't hand in work tickets etc. - confronting structure of production and its racism - blacks demanded whites not hoisted first, whites travel separate cages, whites get black to carry tools and work in garden
- 13,000 workers dismissed but would not do again as dismissals caused no.8 most productive haft cost anglo-americas operation 2/3 ton gold and loss $15mn week - workers mostly taken back- path to unions being listened to
36
Mitchell, Don (2002) Controlling space, controlling scale free speech
- American west Industrial Workers of the World free speech fights (IWW) Denver 1913 - control streets to organise and gain members
- migratory labour big US west - their mobility made them criminals (arresting = police enforcing social order) - IWW sought out comrades with migrants in their campaign on the streets. Migrant power in being invisible state. By harnessing power of subversive mobility, IWW secured space for representation
- city of denver give in to IWW - give permits to speak on street
- built environment or produce space of city result intersection capitalist domination and struggle against that by social groups. space and scale are socially produced. Neil smith - social movements jump scale - transform actions one scale to another
- labour migratory important to production capital but mobility = loss surveillance and control - capital likes fixed labour
- Denver = a crossroads, developed around transportation, key point commodity flows east.
- American Federation of Labour and Industrial Workers of the World - against IWW, and mobile workers want protect local Denver workers
37
Easterling (2014) Extrastatecraft
- Mobile tech leapfrogging eg. Nairobi, Mombasa (companies)
- ocean floor submarine cable telephone, fibre optic - East Africa no fibre-optic submarine cable link + less 1% global broadband capacity - Kenya rely satellite tech for broadband = more expensive - Kenya growth cell phone 127,404 (2000) to 16,573,303 (2008)
- Dev goals include mobile in Africa - market growth - Kenya leader
- satellite tech developing seen leapfrogging but then fiber optic developed - problems with this infrastructure in reaching rural / poorest
- braodband infrastructure based colonial relations - Gb in Kenya
- Post-colonial Africa submarine telegraph cable laid British never changed modern
- growth Chinses companies ICT contractors Africa eg. ZTE
- ITU conference 1982 in Nairobi assess lack tele density developing countries - find banks, organisations to help - not effective - 1999 1/4 countries not basic level access
- Africa 20% land mass, 12% pop just 2% telecommunications globally
- 1997 WTO agreement = breaks national monopolies telecommunications = open to market - Kenya national taken over French Orange - privatisation / neoliberal model not working SSA
- bottom-up mobile tech what works eg. Safaricom - 20mn+ users 2013 (2013 76% kenya pop phones)
- cable race in Africa
- Safaricom's M-Pesa in Kenya - mobile banking - 1/4 pop use
38
Swyngedouw (2011) Depoliticised environments
- Anthropocene (Crutzen, contested start date, humans force) - we are not objects of nature, but subjects socioecological systems - human / nonhuman entangled - end external nature - need to bring political into environment, not env issues into political framework
- elevating env concerns to humanitarian status de politicises them - CC policy depoliticising
- Nature's meaning comes from relation to other words
- Nature = force
- Nature = ontological basis moral judgement
- nature functions ideologically - universalising nature depoliticises it - renders it neutral politically and socially
- natures we work with are imagined, distanced from truth
- CC fear, universal threat
- post-political condition west = managerial approach government - everything politicised and can be discussed but in non-committal, non-conflict way - politics without decisions - climate + env governed in pre-existing social structures - prevents disagreement over future - CO2 as an external threat
- climate try to enable things stay same - not seeing need new governance, changed socio-econ order
- politicisation env needs recognition complexities of nature, and disagreements in opinion
39
Arendt (1948)
Citizenship = right to have rights
40
Giorgio
division political animal (bios) and just living, no pol agency (zoe) - how justify eg. killing coloured
41
Mouffe (2018) Post-political
no left or right politics, just good or bad policy
| based on Thatcher TINA (there is no alternative) doctrine
