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political parties Flashcards

(105 cards)

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1
Q

what are the six things conservatives stand for

A
  • monarchy
  • military
  • religion
  • patriotism
  • law and order
  • tradition/pride of the past
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2
Q

what are two ideologies of conservatives?

A
  • resistant to change
  • defend existing social order
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3
Q

core values of conservatism

A
  • human imperfection
  • order
  • hierarchy/authority
  • property
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4
Q

core value of conservatism: human imperfection

A
  • pessimistic view of humanity
  • humans are imperfect, selfish and greedy, they crave order and stability
  • pragmatism over ideology - utopias are unrealistic as world is so complicated
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5
Q

core value of conservatism: order

A
  • strong deterrents and enforcement of laws is essential for maintaining order
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6
Q

core value of conservatism: hierarchy/authority

A
  • born unequal, natural hierarchy, strict laws essential for order
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7
Q

core value of conservatism: property

A
  • those with property are more likely to respect the property of others
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8
Q

one nation conservativism

A
  • associated with disareli
  • patneralist outlook, sense of national unity and the nation shouldn’t be split into ‘two nations’
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9
Q

butskellism

A
  • butler and gaitskellites (tory + labour)
  • mixed economy (strong economy and state intervention)
  • welfare state
  • keynesian economics
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10
Q

mixed economy

A

strong economy and state intervention

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11
Q

corporatism

A
  • government and interest groups working together (pressure groups)
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12
Q

paternalism

A
  • governments, people or organisations, limit the freedom of others for their own good
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13
Q

organic society

A
  • belief society is a living organism, not a machine
  • society depends on the relationships between very different organs rather than a collection of individual parts
  • humans have duties and obligations towards others
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14
Q

neo-liberalism

A
  • free markets
  • reduced public spending
  • low taxes
  • deregulation
  • all in turn generates wealth
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15
Q

neo-conservatism

A
  • maintain order
  • protect traditional institutions and values
  • patriotism
  • right-wing view
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16
Q

thatcherism

A
  • a mix of neo-liberalism and neo-conservatism
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17
Q

thatcherite economic policy

A
  • inflation
    -strikes
  • poor economic growth
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18
Q

thatcherite social policy

A
  • pessimissive era of 60s
  • growing welfare
  • crime
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19
Q

economy in the 60s

A
  • stagflation (shouldn’t happen under keynesian economics)
  • unemployment rising
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20
Q

thatcherite economic solutions

A
  • monetarianism controls inflation
  • low unemployment is not a priority under monetarist policy
  • keynesianism controls economy through gov spending and taxation to stimulate or reduce demand
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21
Q

trade union reforms under thatcher

A
  • 1982 employment act
  • trade union act 1984
  • 1990 unemployment act
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22
Q

1982 employment act

A
  • illegal to strike for political reasons
  • had to be over pay or conditions
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23
Q

trade union act 1984

A
  • required all trade unions to hold a secret ballot before striking
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24
Q

1990 employment act

A
  • made secondary action illegal strikes that support other groups of workers
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25
where does ‘one nation conservatism’ come from?
- disraeli - ‘sybil, or, the two nations’ (one rich, one poor) - argued the sake of an organic society
26
factions of the conservative party
- european research group - covid recovery group - north research group
27
socialist core values
- anti-capitalism - trade unions - ‘for the many, not the few’ - more equal, classless society - argues humans are social creatures who achieve more working collectively for the common good, than they do as individuals competing in the common market
28
egalitarianism
- tackling economic inequality - argues equal opportunity is a myth, therefore socialists want to create a economically equal society - inequality results form rigid class structures and capitalism
29
legislation making the welfare state (cradle to grave)
- national insurance act 1946 - national assistance act 1948 - national health service act 1948
30
national insurance act 1946
- all working people pay a weekly contribution in return we are entitilied to a range of benefits
31
national assistance act 1948
- provided support for those who could not be employed or could not afford NI contributions
32
national health service act 1948
- created NHS - healthcare free at the point of delivery
33
democratic socialism
- left-wing variant to labour - capitalism is exploitative and must be abolished - private property replaced by new systems of social ownership
34
how is democratic socialism achieved?
- state ownership of industries - cooperatives - democratic, jointly owned, profit sharing businesses
35
social democracy
- accepts capitalism but supports significant state intervention to address its most exploitative effects - nationalise some major industries - keynesian intervention to stimulate demand and lower unemployment - increase legal protections and redistribute welfare from wealth
36
the ‘third way’
- a mix of socialist left wing and thatcherist right wing - used by blair and bill clinton - social justice and economic efficiency
37
marx’s theory on history
- history is a series of class struggles between owners of wealth and property, and the workers
38
39
definition of ideology
- coherent set of ideas and beliefs about the world that drive political action - influence how you see and understand the worlds existing problems - often a distinct image of the future
40
core vaules of liberalism
- individual should have the right to peruse own happiness - freedom - reason - tolerance - importance of a limited government by a constitution
41
progressive liberalism
- argue for people to be truely free - state needs to play a greater role through economic intervention
42
what do liberals believe about justice and equality?
- born with equal moral worth - equality of opportunity, not equality of outcome - some will always work harder than others, rewards should and will vary - degree of inequality provides incentives for people to work harder and aspire for more
43
orange bookers
- liberalism - free market, competition, smaller state and lower taxes
44
45
freedom (liberalism)
- a natural right, only acceptable limits are those that prevent us from harming others
46
reason (liberalism)
- humans are rational creatures who can make own choices - authorities should not decide for us
47
tolerance (liberalism)
- tolerate other’s beliefs, values and cultures
48
classic liberalism
(negative liberty) - freedom form intrusion and obstruction from others - economic liberalism, negative freedom, minimal state, free-market economy, meritocracy, minimal welfare
49
modern liberalism
(positive liberty) - freedom to choose from a wider range of opportunities and realise your own potential - social liberalism, positive liberalism, enabling state, managed economy, concern for the poor, cradle to grave welfare state
50
social liberalism
- state/welfare state for equality in opportunity - liberal gov 1906-1911. 1908 old pensions act, 1911 ni act
51
economic liberalism
- laissez-faire policies do not produce prosperity for all - govs should and could manage the economy
52
factions of liberal party
- progressive liberalism - classic liberalism
53
54
sinn fein ideology
- united ireland - left wing social and economic policies - human rights - anti-monarchy - democratic principles
55
factions in sinn fein
- anglo-irish treaty 1921 led to two factions, one opposing unity and one in favour of unity - fought each other in the civil war of 1922 to 1923
56
2024 tory leadership candidates
- kemi badenock - robert genrick - tom tugendhat - pretti patel - james cleverly - mel stride
57
how is a tory leader selected?
- nominated by 2 tory mps - mps vote in ballot, last place eliminated - repeat until 2 candidates left - members vote for preferred candidate
58
how is a labour leader selected?
- nominated by 40% mps and have support form trade unions, constituency labour parties and socialist societies - ballot sent to labour members, affliated supporters ans registered supporters - av used to rank candidates in order of preference - continues until one candidate has an absolute majority
59
how is a liberal leader chosen?
- members given ballot paper - av used
60
how are tory leadership candidates chosen?
- by 1922 backbench committee - support of 10 mps - pay tory head office to run, £150k for final two - candidates nominated by 2 mps
61
how are labour leadership candidates chosen?
- 1/3 mps, 1/3 trade unions/affiliated parties, 1/3 constituency parties - av used - nominations, 12.5% needed when a vacancy is being filled, 20% needed for challenging a position
62
how do lib dem select leadership candidates
- 10% lib dem mp support and at least 200 party members from at least 20 different local parties - must attend assessment day to join a list of approved candidates - local party selection committee shortlists for members to vote
63
what is the generalised way of candidate selections?
- party hq draws upon approved list of candidates - local associations select - constituency party members select preferred candidate
64
how is tory party policy formulated?
- annual conference for policy announcements - never claimed to be particularly democratic - conference staged, reps do have influence - contain more lobbyists than people (who wish to debate)
65
how is labour party policy formulated?
- block voting - trade unions cast vote in a single block (votes from a single union would be for or against policy) - vote share now reduced to 50%
66
where is block voting used within labour?
- policy conferences, not leadership elections where one-member-one-vote is used (OMOV)
67
how is lib dem party policy formulated?
- elected reps from lib dem constituencies attend federal conference twice a year to discuss national policy - elect policy committee here, that writes manifesto alongside mps
68
define political parties
- political organisations that seek to form a government by selecting and supporting candidates at elections
69
what has happened to membership of large parties over the decades?
- large decline - tory 3m in 1951, under 750k 1992 - sophisticated polling and advancements in technology have been a factor in this
70
what are the main functions of political parties?
- governing and electioneering - raising money - policy development and political integration - representation - recruitment - participation
71
party structure of tory labour and lib dem
- tory: top down - labour: bottom up - liberal: federal
72
what are the rules surrounding constituency campaigning?
- 30k limit on constituent campaigning - no foreign donations - electoral commission fines those that ignore regulations
73
74
how are political parties funded?
- membership fees - donations - state funding
75
miliband reform 2014
- disallows union members to automatically be labour members
76
trade union act 2016
- introduced double ‘opt-in’ - have to approve of use of fees to support labour - also opt-in to political fund
77
example of tory unfair donations
- 157 of 197 individuals on sunday times political rich list gave sizeable donations to tories
78
cash for honours scandal
- 2006 - blair appointing life peerages for donations
79
how much of donations do unions account for towards labour?
half
80
political parties, elections and referendums act 2000
- created an electoral commission - parties must declare donations over £5k - £30k constituency campaign spending limit - no foreign donations
81
political parties and elections act 2009
- changed the 2000 act - deceleration of donations changed to £7.5k - gave electoral commission powers to investigate breeches of law and impose fines - declarations also must have documentation of donor (uk residency)
82
short money
- annual payment given to opposition parties
83
how does a party qualify for short money
- needs 1 or 2 commons seats and 150k votes at previous general election
84
carborne money
- annual payment to two oppositions in lords
85
example of carborne money
- labour 2015/2016=£577,871
86
general funding
- £16,956 given for every seat won - £33.86 for every 200 votes
87
travel expenses
- £186,296 based upon seats divided up
88
leader of opposition funding
- £789,979 for running costs of opposition
89
open primaries
- all voters - not just members can vote in party candidate elections
90
‘iron law of oligarchy’
- political theory developed by robert michels - large organisations need leaders with necessary expertise and skill - daily decisions cannot involve everyone - elite/oligarchy will gain more knowledge than others and desire more power
91
stats for uk being a two party system
- only lab and tory gov since 1906 - 2017 election, 84% electorate voted conservative/labour - conservative and labour have always had 85% + commons seats since 1945 - parliamentary chamber is adversarial, natural position is opposition and leader
92
6 reasons the uk is a two party system
1. fptp 2. broad-catch all parties (appeal to all classes) 3. emphasis on being gov or in opposition 4. homogenous traditionalism in uk (ethnic groups do not see it as a necessity to have groups that specifically represent them) 5. problems facing third parties 6. natural tendency to chose ‘for’ or ‘against’ topics
93
combined tory lab vote share 2024
57.4%
94
stat for third party representation at 2024 election. how has this figure developed?
- 27.1% votes cast were not for 5 major well known parties (tory, lab, lib dem, snp, plaid cymru) - pre 1997, never exceeded 4%
95
radical right vote share 2024
- 14.7%
96
green candidates 2024
- 629
97
radical right candidates 2024
- 609
98
green vote share 2024
- 6.9%
99
how many third party candidates stood in the 2024 election?
4397
100
how many seats to all of the parties have in the commons?
labour = 411 tory = 121 lib dem = 72 snp = 9 sinn fein = 7 independent = 6 dup = 5 reform = 5 green = 4 plaid cymru = 4
101
spin doctors
- professional political consultants - been increasing in use over last 30 yeasr
102
alastair campbell
- press officer for new labour - spin doctor - ex journalist - role was to ‘manage the message’
103
direct influence theory
- media impacts voting behaviour - media helps shape opinion of parties, hence employment of spin doctors - media has influence upon undecided voters
104
reinforcement theory
- media does little to influence voting but merely reinforces existing preferences - public flavour newspapers/programmes that support rather than challenge their existing views - selective perception/attention occurs
105
agenda setting theory
- media has influence regarding what nation’s perception of them is in terms of headlines and policies - interviewers scrutinise party leaders and cabinet/shadow cabinet members

uk politics and government (11 decks)

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