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Politics - Paper 1 > Political Parties (Mostly examples) > Flashcards

Political Parties (Mostly examples) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the key principles of Old Labour?

A

-Focus on universal welfare
-State intervention in the econom
-international diplomacy, representation of the working class, and close ties with trade unions.

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2
Q

How does New Labour differ from Old Labour?

A

Emphasizes targeted welfare over universal welfare, supports public-private partnerships, advocates for a mixed economy, takes a tough stance on law and order, and accepts that humanitarian intervention and military action can sometimes be necessary.

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3
Q

What are the core beliefs of One Nation Conservatism?

A

Belief in noblesse oblige, support for the welfare state, use of Keynesian economics to ensure full employment, and commitment to internationalism and diplomacy through international institutions.

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4
Q

What defines the New Right ideology within the Conservative Party?

A

A combination of neoliberal economics and neo-conservatism, advocating for limited state intervention, privatization (laissez-faire economics), anti-welfare policies to prevent dependency, an authoritarian state (e.g., Section 28), and skepticism towards international diplomacy, including anti-immigration and anti-EU sentiments.

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5
Q

What are the principles of Traditional Conservatism?

A

Emphasis on order and authority, the concept of “change to conserve,” and belief in an organic society.

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6
Q

What are the key features of Classical Liberalism as embraced by the Liberal Democrats?

A

Advocacy for an extremely minimal state, negative freedom, self-interest and self-reliance, a reduced welfare state, pro-business policies, and low taxation.

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7
Q

How does Modern Liberalism differ within the Liberal Democrats?

A

Support for social welfare, economic interventions, social justice, higher taxation, and the promotion of positive freedom.

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8
Q

What was Labour’s 2024 manifesto promise regarding NHS operations and GP appointments?

A

A promise of 40,000 additional operation scans and GP appointments, indicating a commitment to universal welfare.

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9
Q

What initiative did Labour propose for elderly care?

A

Creation of a National Care Service for the elderly, supporting universal welfare principles.

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10
Q

What is GB Energy, and which party proposed it?

A

GB Energy is a state-owned energy company proposed by Labour, reflecting state intervention in the economy.

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11
Q

What legislation did Labour propose concerning train operators?

A

Pending legislation to allow train operators in private hands to be taken into public ownership, showing state intervention.

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12
Q

How much did Labour pledge for green initiatives?

A

£24 billion, indicating significant state intervention in environmental policy.

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13
Q

What is Current Labour’s stance on immigration?

A

Heavy focus on reducing net migration evidenced by Starmer’s comment that we ‘risk becoming an island of strangers’ as well as Starmer’s new immigration rules in May 2025:

-People coming with main visa holders (dependents) will have to have a basic understanding of english
-Doubling of time from 5 to 10 years to achieve settled status in the UK
-Skilled worker via now needing an undergraduate degree rather than A-level

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14
Q

How did Labour respond to the Policing Act?

A

Labour opposed the Conservative bill that clamps down on rights to protest, defending civil liberties.

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15
Q

What is Labour’s position on international development aid?

A

Labour supports restoring national development aid to 0.7% of national income, reflecting internationalism.

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16
Q

How does Labour view international cooperation regarding war crimes in Ukraine?

A

Labour supports international cooperation to bring Russian accused of war crimes in Ukraine to trial in the International Criminal Court.

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17
Q

What is Labour’s commitment to international institutions?

A

Labour supports UK membership of the UN and defends continued commitment to the ECHR, showcasing internationalism.

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18
Q

What welfare policy did Labour scrap, indicating a move away from universal welfare?

A

The winter fuel allowance for all but the poorest pensioners.

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19
Q

What is Labour’s position on the two-child benefit cap?

A

Labour is keeping the two-child benefit cap, established by the Tories in 2017.

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20
Q

What fiscal approach is Labour taking in the 2024 manifesto?

A

Sticking to Tory fiscal rules, resulting in mass spending cuts, with only £8bn additional funding.

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21
Q

Has Labour set a date to restore international development aid?

A

No, despite pledging it in the manifesto, they have been unable to set a date.

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22
Q

How does New Labour approach welfare?

A

New Labour focuses on targeted welfare, such as cutting winter fuel payments and not promising to scrap the two-child benefit cap.

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23
Q

What is New Labour’s stance on public-private partnerships in housing?

A

The 2024 commitment to build homes is largely based on liberalising planning development laws for private developers.

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24
Q

What law and order initiatives has New Labour proposed?

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A

Promised to establish rape courts to speed up trial and conviction rates and committed to providing 13,000 officers in neighbourhoods in England and Wales.

25
What is Starmer's position on international affairs?
Starmer supports providing military support for Ukraine, acting as a mediator between the USA and Europe, hosting a summit to discuss Ukraine, and threatened to withdraw the whip from MPs calling for NATO disbandment.
26
How is Labour's shift described in terms of populism?
Labour's policies are seen as a sell-out, representing a careful repositioning to avoid scaring off voters, abandoning historical principles for electoral success.
27
What educational initiative demonstrates Labour's populist approach?
Commitment to free breakfast clubs.
28
Why did Labour harden its approach to crime?
To win back Red Wall voters whose main concerns were immigration and crime, after feeling they lost in 2019 for being too soft on crime.
29
How is Labour's economic regulation stance different from New Labour?
Labour is more willing to regulate the economy, evidenced by sticking to the plan to ban petrol car sales by 2030.
30
What is the Conservative Party's approach to order under Traditional Conservatism?
Implemented the Policing Bill 2022 to curtail noisy protests and the Public Order Act 2023 to give police new powers to ban individuals from demonstrating.
31
How does Traditional Conservatism view drastic change?
Shows wariness, evident in opposition to expanding low emission zones and imposition of 20 mph speed limits.
32
What was the Conservative response to the transgender debate in 2023?
At the Tory conference, stated 'A man is a man and a woman is a woman' and promised to rewrite the Equality Act to define sex as biological sex.
33
How does Traditional Conservatism view society?
Believes in an organic society, exemplified by the Tory manifesto promise of family hubs in every community.
34
What criticism is there of the Conservative approach to protests?
Seen as a panic response to right-wing press headlines and public outcry over disruptions caused by groups like Just Stop Oil.
35
How did the Conservative Party's stance on green policies change after the Uxbridge by-election?
They turned their back on green policies after winning the by-election, which was fought over expanding ULEZ, despite previously supporting net-zero transitions.
36
How did austerity measures conflict with Traditional Conservative ideas?
Cutting local authority budgets to the bone during the austerity era suggests a lack of support for localism.
37
How does Brexit conflict with Traditional Conservatism?
Brexit represents a significant change, conflicting with the gradual change promoted by Traditional Conservatives.
38
How does One Nation Conservatism view welfare?
Supports noblesse oblige through the welfare state, expanding pharmacy schemes, mental health support in schools, and writing off hospital debts.
39
What economic approach does One Nation Conservatism take?
Favors Keynesian economics, with measures like increasing dividend tax rates, energy price caps, windfall taxes, and investing £8.3bn in road infrastructure.
40
How does One Nation Conservatism approach internationalism?
Focuses on strengthening trade links, returning international aid spending to 0.7% of GNI, and signing security arrangements with various countries.
41
What policy introduced by Conservatives reduces the welfare state?
The two-child benefit cap, which aligns with the idea of distinguishing between deserving and undeserving poor.
42
How is populism evident in Conservative welfare policies?
Cutting benefits appealed to C2 self-employed voters, who are key swing voters.
43
How has the Conservative approach to the mixed economy shifted?
Shifted away during Cameron's government, returned under May and Johnson during COVID, and shifted again under Truss, indicating pragmatism over ideology.
44
How does Brexit contradict One Nation Conservatism's internationalism?
Brexit removed the UK from the world's largest trading bloc, opposing the internationalist stance.
45
What is the New Right's stance on state intervention?
Advocates for a limited state, aiming to reduce the welfare bill by tightening work capability assessments and introducing tougher penalties for those refusing to work.
46
What economic policy does the New Right support?
Laissez-faire economics, exemplified by 2024 manifesto promises to abolish National Insurance.
47
How does the New Right exhibit neo-conservatism?
Through actions like blocking Scotland's recognition of transgender rights, making statements like 'A girl is a girl, a boy is a boy', implementing a cigarette ban, and introducing national service.
48
What is the New Right's position on immigration?
Favors an isolationist approach, supporting the Rwanda Bill and viewing Brexit as a means to limit migration by ending free movement with the EU.
49
How is populism evident in recent policies that are (seemingly) reminiscent of the New Right
Brexit is seen as driven by Boris Johnson's leadership ambitions rather than ideology, and anti-transgender and environmental policies aim to appeal to socially conservative voters.
50
How did the Liberal Democrats demonstrate Classical Liberalism during the coalition?
Accepted large public sector cuts to shrink the deficit and limit the size of the state.
51
What is the Liberal Democrats' stance on negative freedom?
The 2024 manifesto promised recognition of non-binary identities, supporting individual liberties.
52
How do the Liberal Democrats view free markets?
Proposed rejoining the EU single market with a long-term aim of rejoining the EU, and supported low taxation by advocating for raising the personal allowance.
53
What welfare policy did the Liberal Democrats propose in 2024?
A promise to increase the Carer's Allowance.
54
How do the Liberal Democrats plan to adjust taxation?
Proposed bringing in £5bn from capital gains tax reform, introducing a tax on frequent flyers, and cracking down on tax avoidance.
55
What welfare policy reflects Modern Liberalism in the Liberal Democrats?
Promised free personal care in England.
56
What economic interventions did the Liberal Democrats propose?
Plans to ban water companies from dumping sewage in rivers, reversing tax cuts for banks, and implementing a 4% tax on share buyback schemes.
57
How is political opportunism evident in the Liberal Democrats' positioning?
Labour's shift to the centre under Starmer left space on the left, which the LibDems are attempting to fill, indicating a strategic rather than ideological placement.
58
How did the Liberal Democrats' focus on river pollution reflect populism?
The issue resonated in Tory strongholds where many middle-class people swim, leading to a significant increase in seat share in these areas.
59
What was New Labour's stance on immigration
-Open to economic migration -Focus on multicultural intergration and celebration of diversity -EU enlargement leading to rise of polish workers -Liberal internationalism

Politics - Paper 1 (8 decks)

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