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Political science 6 Multiple Choice Questions > Political Science 6 Multiple Choice Questions pt.2 > Flashcards

Political Science 6 Multiple Choice Questions pt.2 Flashcards

1
Q

Causes of state development

A

War
Groups of people that are frequently at war, or under threat of war, develop string states as a defensive mechanism or else they are defeated and absorbed by groups

Colonialism
Most modern states were once european colonies
The kind/strength if the state you have depends on what kind of administrative structure you inherited

Economic development
Economic development contributes to the state’s capacity to fulfill its functions.
A financially stable government can better provide essential services, enforce laws, and maintain public order

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2
Q

World Bank Governance measures

A

Political stability and the absence of violence

Government effectiveness

Regulatory quality

Rule of law

Control of corruption

Voice and accountability

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3
Q

Liberal democracy definition

A

Protection of individual liberties, especially the rights and liberties of minorities/weak and responsiveness to citizen preferences

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4
Q

Electoral authoritarianism definition, examples

A

allow little real competition for power but leaves enough political space for political parties and organizations of civil society to form, for an independent press to function to some extent, and for some political debate to take place

Examples:
Mexico under the PRI
Russia and Putin

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5
Q

Regime definition

A

A set of rules that govern political activity, especially the relationship between states and citizens (members of the political community) and determine how power is exercised

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6
Q

Corporatism definition

A

where the state forces everyone to join one of a limited number of corporations

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7
Q

Pluralism definition

A

Multiple, competing, non-hierarchical interest group arrangements

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8
Q

Consociationalism definition

A

Explicit power sharing between specific ethnic groups which provides each with some amount of power in the central government

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9
Q

Primordialism

A

Sees identity groups as “natural” to human psychology

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10
Q

Instrumentalism

A

Elites manipulate symbols and feelings of identity to mobilize a following in order to achieve rational goals

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11
Q

Security Dilemma

A

belief that another group poses an imminent threat and institutional constraints not sufficient to protect us: we have to act

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12
Q

Constructivism

A

method for producing and defending principles of justice and legitimacy

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13
Q

Presidentialism definition, examples

A

by the separation of the executive branch from other aspects of government

Examples:
The United States
Brazil

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14
Q

Parliamentarism definition, examples

A

power is concentrated in one place, creating very few institutional veto players

Examples:
Great Britain
Japan

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15
Q

Semi-presidentialism definition, examples

A

splits executive power between an elected president and a prime minister

Examples:
Russia
France

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16
Q

Westminster model of parliamentarism

A

type of parliamentary government that incorporates a series of procedures for operating a legislature, first developed in England

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17
Q

Absolute majority versus plurality

A

Absolute majority is where only 2 candidates are in the running, meaning the winner must have over 50% of votes

Plurality system can have more than two candidates running, so although the winner must have the majority % of votes, it can be less than 50%

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18
Q

Downs

A

Voters will choose the party closest to them ideologically, so parties will change their ideological positions in order to capture more votes
The median voter

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19
Q

Duverger’s Law

A

Institutionalist argument that SMD electoral systems will produce two major parties, eliminating smaller parties

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20
Q

PR—open list

A

allow voters to cast votes for individual candidates on one party’s list

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21
Q

PR—closed list

A

candidates are elected according to their pre-stated position on this list – if a party wins six seats, the first six candidates on that list take the seat

22
Q

SMD

A

Each geographic district elects a single representative to the legislature

23
Q

Mixed electoral systems

A

Combines single member district representation with a parallel system of proportional representation districts

24
Q

POS

A

Political opportunity structure

A regime open to influence from social movements and other extra-institutional groups—to mobilize successfully

25
Q

Bolivia’s Water War

A

Triggered by the sale of the municipal water concession to a private company, which raised rates

26
Q

Political versus Social Revolution

A

A political revolution is the fundamental transformation of an existing regime, instigated and primarily carried out by a social movement or armed group

A social revolution is a fundamental transformation of a regime and social structure, instigated and primarily carried out by a social movement or armed group of citizens

27
Q

Types of authoritarian rule, examples

A

Military
South Korea

Dominant party
Russia

Personalist
China

28
Q

Modernization theory

A

Argues that democracy is most likely to be present where countries have a reasonably wealthy economy and a large middle class

29
Q

Impact of oil on democracy

A

Can lead to economic development, with oil significantly contributing to the economy

However, can also lead to corruption as those in power may use the wealth and power for personal gain

Example: Nigeria

30
Q

Impact of religion on democracy

A

Countries with compatible (non-authoritarian) religious traditions are more likely to sustain democracy.

HOWEVER: in particular, Muslim majority countries are especially hostile to stable democracy.

31
Q

Backsliding versus authoritarianization

A

Democratic backsliding: changing from democracy to authoritarian

Can occur when the ruler slowly takes away power from the checks and balances

Weakening democratic institutions

process by which a political system, government, or society becomes more authoritarian in nature. It involves the strengthening or consolidation of power in the hands of a centralized authority or leader, often at the expense of democratic principles, individual freedoms, and political pluralism

32
Q

Characteristics of negotiated transitions

A

Mechanism to transition to democracy

The first dynamic
social mobilization, the consequence of increased education, vocational mobility, exposure to the media, and resulting public awareness

The second dynamic
sustained and significant shift of resources from states to civil societies

33
Q

Liberal welfare state —definition, examples

A

a governing regime that ensures that citizens are taken care of socially and economically

Examples:
The U.S.
The U.K.

34
Q

Christian Democratic welfare state

A

aims at supporting families and often relies on intermediary institutions to deliver social services and social insurance, often with the support of the state

Example:
Germany

35
Q

Social Democratic Welfare State

A

described as being universalist, supportive of collective bargaining, and more supportive of public provision of welfare

Example:
Sweden

36
Q

LME versus CME

A

Liberal Market Economy: rely more heavily on market relationships, meaning that firms interact with other firms and secure sources of finance through purely market-based transactions
Know less about the inner workings of other firms

Coordinated Market Economy: involve more conscious coordination among firms, financiers, unions, and government
Know about the inner workings of other firms

37
Q

Fiscal policy—Keynes

A

governments could stabilize the business cycle and regulate economic output through government revenue collection and expenditure rather than let markets right themselves alone

38
Q

Monetarism—Friedman

A

states should influence the economy by managing the amount of money in circulation, often through interest rates

39
Q

Tax rates in different welfare states

A

Highest rate: Social
Free public health care funded by taxes
Around 57% tax rate

Second highest: Christian
Around 45% tax rate

lowest : Liberal
Around 10-39%

40
Q

Poverty/inequality in different welfare states

A

Liberal welfare states more concerned with preserving individual autonomy and promoting economic efficiency than with reducing poverty or inequality

Social Democratic Welfare States have the lowest unemployment rate as well as the highest % of women in labor forces

Christian Democratic Welfare States have the highest unemployment rate and lowest % of women in labor forces

41
Q

Single-payer system (health care)

A

a streamlined financing mechanism where one entity administers the health care funding and payments

42
Q

National Insurance System (health care)

A

an umbrella term for universal health care, the public pension program, and unemployment benefits

43
Q

Means-tested welfare

A

a determination of whether an individual or family is eligible for government assistance or welfare, based upon whether the individual or family possesses the means to do without that help

44
Q

Rose Revolution

A

helping to move Georgia from what had become an electoral authoritarian regime to a flawed but nonetheless democratic one, including making significant constitutional changes

45
Q

Tianenmen Square protests

A

1989 protests and massacre that ended with a military crackdown due to international media coverage, internet and global connectivity, its political implications, and other factors

46
Q

Threat literature (contentious action)

A

an expression of intention to inflict evil, injury, or damage

47
Q

Relative Deprivation

A

A group of individuals that believe that they are not getting their share of something relative to what they should have

48
Q

Fascism versus Communism

A

Fascism: a mass political movement that emphasizes extreme nationalism, militarism, and the supremacy of both the nation and the single, powerful leader over the individual citizen

Communism: a political and economic ideology that supports the dissolution of social classes and the shared ownership of the means of production

49
Q

Populism

A

a political approach that strives to appeal to ordinary people who feel that their concerns are disregarded by established elite groups

50
Q

Impact of inequality on democracy

A

Economic inequalities drives down support for democracy at the individual level

51
Q

WUNC

A

worthiness
Unity
Numbers
commitment

Political science 6 Multiple Choice Questions (3 decks)

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