Pollution

Question 1

Types of air pollution

Answer 1

Gases/particles
Primary and secondary
Mobile or stationary

Question 2

Primary gases

Answer 2

SO2, CO, NO, CO2, NO2

Question 3

Secondary gases

Answer 3

SO3, H2SO4, HNO3, O3, H2O2, NO3 and SO4 -2

Question 4

Common air pollutants (Particulate matter)

Answer 4

Dust
Smoke
Sand
Condensed vapours

Question 5

Describe ground level ozone

Answer 5

Incomplete combustion of fossil fuels (gasoline and diesel)
Major component of smog
Colourless and odorless
Requires sunlight

Question 6

Describe carbon monoxide

Answer 6

Incomplete combustion of fuel containing carbon
Vehicle emissions and cigarette smoke
Problematic in urban centers

Question 7

Describe Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)

Answer 7

NO and NO2 reaction of N and O2 in the air
High in high traffic areas
Combine to form smog and acid rain
Central to the formation of tropospheric ozone

Question 8

Describe Sulphur Dioxide

Answer 8

Smells like burnt matches
Oxidized to sulphur trioxide
Sulphuric acid mist

Question 9

Describe top 5 emissions in BC from human activities

Answer 9

1. Prescribed burning - 31%
2. Wood industry - 18%
3. Residential fuel wood combustion - 15%
4. Transportation - 14%
5. Pulp and paper industry - 10%

Question 10

Describe ground-level ozone polluntant

Answer 10

Is a secondary pollutant created through photochemical combination of nitrogen oxides and violate organic compounds from fossil fuel combustion interacting with sunlight and heat

Question 11

Effective dose equation

Answer 11

concentration (ppm) x duration (min) x ventilation (L/min) = concentration x time x volume

Question 12

Air pollution mortality rates

Answer 12

The worlds single biggest environmental health risk, linked to 6-7 million deaths each year since 1990

Outdoor and indoor pollution kills more people than smoking, road deaths, and diabetes combined

Question 13

Divide pollution deaths

Answer 13

80% of outdoor pollution deaths come as a result of stroke and heart disease, 11% from lung disease, and 6% from cancers

Question 14

Pulmonary effects of air pollution

Answer 14

Lung inflammatio
Bronchoconstriction
Airway resistance
Lung function
Decreased airway antioxidant defenses
Altered breathing pattern
COPD asthma
Wheezing
Chest tightness
Shortness of breath

Question 15

Cardiovascular outcomes associated with increased pollution

Answer 15

Cardiovascular mortality
Atherosclerosis progression
Asthma exacerbation and development
Death due to heart and lung condition

Question 16

Cardiovascular outcomes associated with increased pollution increases marker of

Answer 16

Systemic and lung inflammation
Coagulation

Question 17

What effect does the release of multiple pollutants from automobiles and fossil fuel combustion

Answer 17

Increases low-density lipoprotein oxidation and blood coagulability (increases plaque deposition and atherosclerosis risk)

Causes abnormal cardiac autonomic control, decreases nitric oxide and endothelial-dependent vasodilation, and increases vasoconstriction (increases blood pressure)

Question 18

What effect does the release of multiple pollutants from automobiles and fossil fuel combustion

Answer 18

Increases low-density lipoprotein oxidation and blood coagulability (increases plaque deposition and atherosclerosis risk)

Causes abnormal cardiac autonomic control, decreases nitric oxide and endothelial-dependent vasodilation, and increases vasoconstriction (increases blood pressure)

Question 19

Pulmonary consequences of exercising in polluted air

Answer 19

Increased
- Bronchoconstriction
- Airway resistance
- Lung inflammation
- Breathing frequency during exercise

Decreased
- Lung function
- Tidal volume during exercise

Question 20

Cardiovascular and systemic consequences of exercising in polluted air

Answer 20

Increased
- Ischemic burden
- Oxidative stress
- Arterial stiffness
- Vasoconstriction
- Pulmonary artery pressure

Decreased
- Endothelial function
- Vessel diameter

Question 21

Effects of Ozone (O3) on performance

Answer 21

Inability to complete exercise tests as O3 increases
Increase respiratory discomfort

Question 22

Effects of carbon monoxide on performance

Answer 22

30 minutes of running in busy city caused 4-6% increase in COHB (similar levels to people who smoke 10 cigarettes per day)
Significantly reduce exercise time, max effort, anaerobic threshold and VO2 max
Significantly increase heart rate

Question 23

Recommendations for exercisers

Answer 23

Avoid travelling in high traffic
Summertime exercise in early morning
Active commuting
Indoor ventilation
Mask