POLS 200: Exam 3-TOPICS:8,9,10 Flashcards
(86 cards)
1
Q
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why does development matter?
A
-civil wars are concentrated in the poorest countries
-the world economic forum argues that deepening income inequality is the #1 contemporary world challenge
-for service provision (e.g. education, health care) which impacts life expectancy & inequality between men & women
-for democracy
2
Q
_____ argues that deepening income inequality is the #1 contemporary world challenge
A
the world economic forum
3
Q
service provision (e.g. education, health care)
A
which impacts life expectancy & inequality between men & women
4
Q
development is positively associated with___
A
persistence of democracy
5
Q
almost all countries with GDP/Capita above ______ are democracies
A
$8,000 (1985 PPP)
6
Q
alsmot all counties with GDP/Capita above $8,000 are democracies-BUT there are exceptions
A
-larger middle class
-quality of government should be greater
-economic development permits education of more people which builds human capital
7
Q
the paradox that countries w/ an abundance of natural resources tend to experience things like poor governance, low levels of economic development, civil war and dictatorship
A
resource curse
8
Q
resource curse comes from:
A
Clark, Golder & Golder 2009)
9
Q
oil, diamonds, a few large landowners dominating the economy
A
resource curse
10
Q
development & post materialism
A
-living well, affluence, security
-frees people up to think about other elements to enhance the quality of their life
>human rights
>a clean environment
>equality across groups
11
Q
how can you measure levels of development of a country? or how wealthy its people are?
A
-common measure: gdp/capita\
-purchasing power purity exchange rates (PPP): makes the funds comparable across countries.
12
Q
based on the price of a particular bundle of goods in each country
A
PPP
13
Q
presented w/ the year of the exchange rate because inflation changes the value of country exchange rates over time.
A
PPP
14
Q
common explanations for underdevelopment of countries (acemoga 2003)
A
-lack of functioning markets
-badly educated population
-machinery & technology are outdated or nonexistent
>geographic hypothesis
>institutions hypothesis
15
Q
possibility of omitted variables or reverse casualty
A
correlation DOES NOT equal causation
16
Q
colonization by europeans starting in the 15th century-changed institutions while holding geography constant
A
acemoga 2003
17
Q
indicates that geography is not the explanation for lack of prosperity-richest places have become the poorest
A
acemoga 2003
18
Q
support for the institutional hypothesis (variation in colonization strategies)
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acemoga 2003
19
Q
analysis of GDP/Capita, climate access to the sea or major waterway, conclusion: geography does make the difference
A
sachs et. al 2001
20
Q
3 major ways geography affects economic development:
-ease of transporting a good, people, ideas
-prevalence of disease
-agricultural productivity
A
sachs et. al 2001
21
Q
why do some counties maintain institutions associated w/ high rates of poverty?
A
elites may have a lot to lose from institutional reform & all elites are powerful and can resist change
22
Q
lukes 2nd dimension of power
A
power to keep issues off the policy agenda
23
Q
change in insitituions can occyr when
A
-groups that favor change can become more powerful
-sociery can strike a bargain w/ those who will lose some power to credibly compensate them after the change occurs (acemoga)
24
Q
the budget (in a country) needed to uy a certain amount of calories, plus some other indispensable purchase”
A
povertyly
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a poor person is essentialy defined as someone w/o enough to eat
banerjee & dalfo 2007
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poor countries governments have verty little moneg to put towards addressing social policy needs
sachs et al. 2001
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the more elastic the tax base, the greater the degree to which the sovereign had to give control over public policy to those whose money he sought to appropriate for public purposes
bates 1991
-this gives maquilas strong negotiating power, they can exit
-but the need for skilled labor can change the equation
-globalization thesis
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challenges for developing human capital
-there need to be jobs in the county for the people w. the skills
-the government needs to know what skills industry needs
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focus on the set of countries where development has failed
-most are small countries in population & the size of their contribution to the world economy and their lack of economic growth does not drag down average growth in the world
-countries with:
>lower life expectancy
>higher infant mortality
>higher % of children w/ symptoms of long-term malnutrition
the bottom billion (collier 2007)
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4 types of development traps (collier 2007)
-conflict trap-civil war
-natural resources trap
-trap of being landlocked with bad neighbors
-trap of bad governance
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the global market has gotten far more hostile to new entrants than it was in the 1980's
collier 2007
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natural resources trap (collier 2007)
discovery of a new natural resource due to boom & bust cycles, the country may end up pooer
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austerity policies may improve the economy but the public views the policy as harmful & blame the government and international lending agencies that imposed the reforms
collier 2007
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terrible governance and policies can destroy an economy with alarming speed
collier 2007
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why has the global market become more hostie (collier 2007)
-FDI is limited, and "bottom billion" countries don't look like good places to invest
-stereotype of countries change slowly
-policy reform is often fragile
-loss of domestic capital through capital flight has gotten easier
-brain drain
36
how can the problem of global markets being hostile be solved (collier 2007)
-International aid
-changing laws in the most advanced counties
-Establish international norms
-changing trade policy to reverse marginalization
-military intervention-to restore order or to maintain peace
37
why would some groups not get represented in a democracy
-democracy is supposed to be government by and for the people, and if government doesn't represent us we will hold them accountable
-BUT this is based on the unstated assumption that everybody has an equal ability:
1)monitor what government is doing
2)sanction government
38
what can make an actor weak? (rubenstein 2007)
-poverty (of people, of a country)
-ill-health
-illiteracy (or lack of literacy in the language of the government)
-social or political exclusion (remember schneider & ingram 1993)
-dangers of organizing collectively
39
why is accountability desirable? (Rubenstein 2007)
-keeps a leader from using their power arbitrarily
-increases rule-following by power wielders---> enables institutions to make behavior predictable
-promotes accountability holders preferences
-provides information to all actors
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accountability SOMETIMES promotes-
-substantive or procedural norms
-civic virtues and self-development
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key components of accountability (Rubenstein 2007)
-standards: what you want officials to do
-information: power wielders often source of information
-sanction: weak accountability holders have inadequate resources for sanctioning a stronger power wielder
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surrogate accountability (Rubenstein 2007)
accountability holders do not have to sanction the power wielders themselves
-the surrogate can
>set standards
>provide information
>sanction the power wielder
-provides some but not all the benefits of standard accouhtabilty
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standard accountability (rubenstein 2007)
actor a (power wielder) is accountable for its treatment of actor b (accountability holder) if A forces significant & predictable sanction for failing to treat B according to recognized standards
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how to evaluate if the surrogate is doing a good job (Rubenstein 2007)
-are the standards what the weak accountability holder wants them to be?
-is the information provided the information the weak accountability holder would have gathered?
-is the sanction what the weak accountability holder would have sanctioned?
45
getting representation is related to_
accountability
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policy congruence (delegate or trustee)
there is still the question of whether those elected officials are delegates or trustees
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aspects of representation
-policy congruence
-proportional translation of votes into seats for parties
-representation of groups in society:(Pitkin 1967)
>descriptive representation
>substantive representation
>symbolic representation
-representative bureaucracy
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descriptive representation (standing for)
representative stands for the group by virtue of sharing similar characters such as class, occupation,race,gender,ethnicity or morale
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substantive representation (acting for)
making policy in the interest of a group, whether or not you are from the group
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representative bureaucracy
occurs through unelected parts of government, bureaucracy
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representation is a contingent process (Escobar-Lemmon & Taylor Robinson)
-can occur in various venues of government
-can start but not be finished due to power imbalances across groups
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potential barriers to representation:
-other groups do not want to share power
-groups that already have power oppose the new group's policy preferences
-policy disagreements within the new group
-new group gets descriptive representation where there is little power
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the policy process generates feedbacks loops (Escobar-Lemmon & Taylor Robinson)
-incentives to incorporate new groups into politics ebb & flow
-people w/ a group( who have a common interest) may disagree about issues, or have different policy preferences
-a new group's success at obtaining a policy preference may be limited if it has access to only some venues in the government
54
women are an unusual group because women are:
-generally the numerical majority in a society
-spread all over a country's territory
-part of all other politically relevant demographic groups
> There are a lot of sub-groups within the group of women
55
possible explanations for hwy women are still under-represented in government:
-men who hold power do not want to share that scarce resource
-parties are reluctant to nominate or appoint people who don't "look like the norm"
-politics is a masculine-gendered field of work
-maybe voters are prejudiced against women?
-maybe women do not want to run
-lack of serious media attention to women in politics
-women lack resources to fund a campaign
56
the inclusion calculation (valdini 2019)
what conditions will prompt male party leaders (the gatekeepers) to consider increasing the representation of women?
-When benefits of including more women>costs
-when feminine stereotypes become valuable
-displacement costs are low
-thread costs are low
-domestic or international responsiveness benefits are high
57
why does having women in government (descriptive representation) matter?
-women are more likely than men to initiate legislation on women's interest
-without women in government, women are limited to surrogate representation
-countries with more women in legislature (Hughes & tripp)
> Spend more on social welfare
> Have better child health outcomes
> Spend less on defense and conflict behavior decreases(Koch & Tutton)
-they serve as role models (symbolic representation)
-avoids losing the policy ideas of 1/2 the population (J.J. Mill)
-associated with increased trust in government and sataifaviton with democracy (icharatt-Bayer)
58
what factors can increase representation of women in government?
-women in a country demanding representation
-International pressure
-electoral rules
-civil war
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electoral threshold
-disadvantages small parties
-increases party magnitude for large parties
(Costa Rica)
types of party list slots:
-mandate
-fighting
-ornamental
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types of gender quotas
-national quota law
-party quota rules
-reserved seats
> Political gender quotas exist in more than 130 countries (bjarregarel & Zetterberg)
> Quotas at different levels of government, quota for the cabinet, for corporate bounds
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greater representation of women (Hughes & Tripp)
gender quota+PR+democratization
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change in gendered social structures to rapid political change often widespread social disruption
hughes & tripp
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hughes and tripp findings
-in the recent period women's legislative representation is higher in the post conflict counties
-in the entire period, existing conflict is not associated with increased election of women.
64
as standalone politics, general or minority quotas may advantage majority women, minority women, or minority men more than they help minority women.
hughes
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theory bowen & Clark
representation is a 2way process shaped by:
-how representatives behave
-how constituents perceive the behavior of representatives
-share ethnic/racial "in group effect
-expectation-descriptively represented constituents will receive "netter" representation of all types
66
findings bowen and clark
-descriptive representation does matter and improve perceptions of reposnvies
-people with a "descriptive" representative are more likely to contact their representative's office
-in general, the substantive effects are larger for minority respondents
67
policy leadership and representation of women's interests in the us state (Reingold & haynie)
purpose: to study how "who" is represented, and "what" is represented- what types of women's interests- is inked to the race/ethnicity of legislators
-the link from descriptive to substantive representation
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findings (Reingold & haynie)
-women pursue different legilstaive agendars than men
-African American and latina women legislators pursue different legislative agendas than men
-African-American women and Latina legislators are very active in all these types of legislative topics
69
subgroups of interest (lopez bunyasi and Smith)
African American subgroups in the us:
-queer
-transgender
-justice-involved persons
-single mothers
-undocumented immigrants
70
findings (lopez bunyasi and smith)
DV-extents to which African Americans are willing to support groups that face secondary marginalization
iv-linked fate, respectability politics
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social psychology and political science
-stereotyping
-use of heuristics
-mental templates of leadership
-prospect theory
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common research methodology: experiments
-treatments and controls
-replication
-randomization
PURPOSE: To test the causal relationship between A and B.
73
prospect theory: how does our sense of risk aversion vary
-domain of gains
-domain of losses
74
people dislike losses more than they like equivalent gains. because of that they are more willing to take risks to avoid loss, due to biased weighting of probabilities and loss aversion
prospect theory
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basic assumptions of rational choice models of decision making:
-coherence
-concave utility function
-invariance
76
invariance
two alternative formulations of the same problem should yield the same choice
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prospect theory (quattrone & tversky)
-objects to an alternative theory of risky choice
-assumes an s-shaped utility function (not concave)
-this can explain risk aversion and risk-seeking
> How to explain: loss aversion even in a riskless choice
78
losses loom larger than the corresponding gains
quattrone & tversky
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prospect theory and politics
-creates a preference for the status quo
-creates an advantage for the incumbent when conditions are acceptable (do not have to be great)
-can make international bargaining and compromise more difficult
-endowment effect
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how loss framing impacts dishonest behavior (Schindler and pfattheicher)
based on loss aversion people are more likely to engage in dishonest behavior to reduce the extent of a loss compared to increasing the extent of a gain
81
social desirability bias
the tendency of each subject to choose responses they believe are more acceptable rather than responses that reflect their true thoughts or feelings
82
findings (mendelberg)
-when there are more women in the group the women are more likely to voice womens distinctive concerns
-but only under majority rule ;and when women are the majority in the group
-group composition also affects what men talk about
-more women in the group +majoirty decision rule
-more generous guaranteed minimum income
83
findings (Clayton)
-presence of women on the decision-making pane; legitimizes decisions that go against women's interests and greater substantive legitimacy
-decisions have greater procedural legitimacy when there are women on the committee for both men and women participants
84
uses what has long been considered the gold standard methodology in polling
-random digit dialing using live interviews
-calling both landlines and cell phones
Quinnipiac university poll
85
to create a valid poll one must
-identify a topic
-identify the survey population and sample
-prepare and validate questions to ask all respondents
-contact respondents in the sample
-complete the number of useable responses needed for the sample
-analyze the data
86
informal polls that do not apply rigorous methodology are called:
straw polls
