Polymerisation

Question 1

describe condensation polymerisation

Answer 1

monomer has two different functional group that can react together
formation of small molecules

Question 2

describe amino acid compound

Answer 2

amine + carboxylic acid group

Question 3

amino acid + amino acid forms what bond

Answer 3

peptide/amide

Question 4

how do you form a polyamide

Answer 4

amine group + carboxylic acid/acylchloride

Question 5

describe reaction to form nylon 6,6

Answer 5

1,6- diaminohexane and hexanedioic acid

Question 6

name the examples of polyamides

Answer 6

nylon 6,6
nylon 6
kevlar

Question 7

why is acyl chloride used instead of acid

Answer 7

more reactive but more expensive

Question 8

describe formation of nylon 6

Answer 8

not formed from condensation reaction

heated in nitrogen - break ring

Question 9

describe characteristics of nylon

Answer 9

low density
strong
elasticity
clothing/ropes

Question 10

describe structure of kevlar

Answer 10

long, linear polymer chains line next to each other in pattern
extensive hydrogen bonding between polymer chains

Question 11

describe properties of kevlar

Answer 11

strong/flexible/fire resistant/used for bulletproof vest

Question 12

what is the a-carbon

Answer 12

carbon connected to the hydrogen and functional groups (NH2/COOH)

Question 13

which groups are non polar

Answer 13

alkyl groups

Question 14

which groups are polar

Answer 14

alcohol

Question 15

which groups are electrically charged

Answer 15

carboxylic acid/amine group

Question 16

what is an amino acid residue

Answer 16

one unit of amino acid

Question 17

describe proteins

Answer 17

polypeptide chains are unbranched
protein has unique sequence of amino acids - determined by DNA
each protein has specific biological function

Question 18

definition of primary structure of proteins

Answer 18

sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chain

amino acid determines folding for protein

Question 19

definition of secondary structure of proteins

Answer 19

regular structure arrangement stabilised by hydrogen bonding between NH and CO

Question 20

describe in detail secondary structure of proteins

Answer 20

a helix - hydrogen bonds formed parallel in same direction
flexible
R groups stick out
b pleated sheets - hydrogen bonds form between different polypeptide chain

Question 21

definition of tertiary structure of proteins

Answer 21

further folding of polypeptide chain into 3D shape is stabilised by interactions between R groups

Question 22

describe in detail tertiary structure

Answer 22

disulfide bridges (strong) made by oxidation reactions with cysteine molecules
weak vanderwaals (non polar amino acid residues)
weak hydrogen bonds
ionic bonds (ionised basic + acidic)

Question 23

how do we hydrolyse proteins

Answer 23

strong aq.acid/alkalie

Question 24

products of protein hydrolysis

Answer 24

With excess acid → ammonium salt

With excess alkali → sodium salts

Question 25

what does DNA stand for

Answer 25

deoxyribose nucleic acid

Question 26

what makes up DNA and what does it do

Answer 26

``` deoxyribose sugar phosphate group nitrogen-containing base can make copies of itself genetic code to synthesise proteins ```

Question 27

describe the structure of DNA

Answer 27

backbone of alternating sugar and phosphate units two strands run in opposite directions bases linked by hydrogen bonds

Question 28

how is DNA structure stabilised

Answer 28

hydrogen bonding between base pairs and vanderwaals between one pair and another

Question 29

describe semi conservative replication

Answer 29

hydrogen bonds between base pairs are broken part of double helix unwinds nucleotide triphosphates separate chain enzyme catalyse the polymerisation reaction

Question 30

how are polyesters made

Answer 30

Carboxylic acid + alcohol → ester + water

Question 31

how are ester bonds broken

Answer 31

aq. h2so4 in reflux

Question 32

examples of polyesters

Answer 32

terylene | PLA

Question 33

how is terylene produced

Answer 33

benzene-1,4 dicarboxylic acid + ethane 1,2-diol antimony (III) oxide catalyst 280 degrees

Question 34

what is the structure of lactic acid

Answer 34

HO - CH(CH3)-CO2H

Question 35

what is PLA used for

Answer 35

biodegradable plastics and starch

Question 36

describe low density poly(ethene)

Answer 36

non polar chains interact with each other through weak vanderwaals heavily branched = low density/low mp

Question 37

describe high density poly(ethene)

Answer 37

straight chains with unbranched polymer chains = stronger/higher mp

Question 38

what do sulfur bridges in polymer chains do

Answer 38

make rubber more resilient

Question 39

describe traditional adhesives

Answer 39

organic solvent dissolve polymer that sticks surfaces together solvent evaporates and solid polymer acts as glue

Question 40

properties of ester solvent in traditional adhesives

Answer 40

low toxicity volatile flammable

Question 41

describe non solvent based adhesives

Answer 41

water forms siloxane (Si-O) cross link between polymer chains strong links formed by hydrolysis

Question 42

what are examples of non solvent base adhesives

Answer 42

SMPs epoxy resins superglue

Question 43

describe properties of SMPs

Answer 43

non toxic environmentally friendly set quickly

Question 44

describe epoxy resins

Answer 44

epoxyethane + diamine condensation reaction thermosets = covalent cross links strong

Question 45

desribe super glue

Answer 45

addition reaction of monomers initiated by moisture

Question 46

types of degradable polymers

Answer 46

biodegradable plastics photodegradable plastics conducting plastics

Question 47

describe biodegradable plastics

Answer 47

have small starch granules so it can be decomposed quicker with higher surface area exposed polyester/amides break down by acid hydrolysis in land fill

Question 48

describe photodegradable plastics

Answer 48

C=O absorb UV and weaken/break | buried plastics can't be broken

Question 49

describe conducting plastics

Answer 49

alternate double/single bonds allows pi bonding to spread down polymer overlapping p orbitals = delocalised electrons moving down polymer doping = add iodine to improve electrical conductivity

Question 50

properties of conducting plastics

Answer 50

won't corrode less dense shapes more easily used for aeroplanes

Question 51

how to deduce an addition polymer

Answer 51

need to consist C=C only in backbone | copolymer = more than on unsaturated monomer

Question 52

how to deduce a condensation polymer

Answer 52

``` possible functional groups: Amine + carboxylic acid Amine + acyl chloride Carboxylic acid + alcohol Acyl chloride + alcohol links present in backbone ```