polymers

Question 1

What is a condensation polymer?

Answer 1

A polymer formed when monomers join together to form a small molecule of water/hcl

Question 2

Name two types of condensation polymer

Answer 2

Polyesters

Polyamides

Question 3

What monomers are needed to form polyesters?

Answer 3

Dicarboxylic acids and diols

or a single compound with a carboxyl and alcohol group

Question 4

name a polyester

Answer 4

PET - poly(ethylene terephthalate)

Terylene

Question 5

what are the monomers needed to make PET

Answer 5

ethane-1,2-diol

benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid

Question 6

name uses for PET

Answer 6

plastic bottles, clothing

Question 7

name examples of polyamides

Answer 7

nylon 6,6

kevlar

Question 8

what are the monomers needed in nylon

Answer 8

hexane-1,6-dioic acid

hexane-1,6-diamine

Question 9

what is a polyester?

Answer 9

a polymer where the monomers are held together by ester linkages

Question 10

what is a polyamide?

Answer 10

a polymer where the monomers are held together by amide linkages

Question 11

what is formed in the alkaline hydrolysis of polyesters such as terylene?

Answer 11

ethane-1,2-diol and the salt of the carboxylic acid

Question 12

name polyamides

Answer 12

kevlar

nylon-6,6

Question 13

what are the monomers which form nylon-6,6?

Answer 13

hexane-1,6-diamine

hexane-1,6-dioic acid

Question 14

what are the polymers which form kevlar?

Answer 14

benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid

benzene-1,4-diamine

Question 15

how is hexane-1,6-dioic acid formed industrially?

Answer 15

oxidation of cyclohexane

Question 16

how is hexane-1,6-diamine formed industrially?

Answer 16

treat hexane-1,6-dioic acid with ammonia to form ammonia salt
heat this to 350 degrees in the presence of hydrogen to form hexane-1,6-diamine

Question 17

what bonding is found in polyesters?

Answer 17

permanent dipole-dipoles

van der Waals forces

Question 18

what bonding is found in polyamides?

Answer 18

hydrogen bonding
permanent dipole-dipole interactions
van der Waals

Question 19

what bonding is found in addition polymers?

Answer 19

van der Waals

Question 20

by what process can you break down terylene

Answer 20

alkaline hydrolysis

Question 21

how can alkalis break down terylene?

Answer 21

alkali breaks the ester linkages

Question 22

how do you make nylon in a lab?

Answer 22

react hexanedioyl dichloride with the hexane-1,6-diamine

Question 23

by what process can you break down polyamides?

Answer 23

acid hydrolysis

Question 24

which is more resistant to hydrolysis, kevlar or nylon?

Answer 24

kevlar

Question 25

what is a biodegradable polymer?

Answer 25

a polymer which can be broken down in the environment by microorganisms

Question 26

why are polyalkenes inert?

Answer 26

because they're saturated and have no double bonds or polar groups so they're chemically inert.

Question 27

what are the advantages of polyalkenes being inert?

Answer 27

they're durable

Question 28

what are the disadvantages of polyalkenes being inert?

Answer 28

cannot be disposed of easily - build up in the environment

Question 29

why do condensation polymers hydrolyse faster in compost heaps?

Answer 29

warmer more water microorganisms (bacteria) more light

Question 30

name ways in which polymers can be disposed

Answer 30

landfill incineration recycling

Question 31

what are the advantages of using landfill sites?

Answer 31

the most cost-effective way of getting rid of polymers

Question 32

what are the disadvantages of using landfill sites?

Answer 32

wastes land pollutes land with non-biodegradable polymers releases methane which is a greenhouse gas eyesore

Question 33

what are the advantages of incineration?

Answer 33

prevents use of ugly landfills saves money on transportation of waste produces heat energy which can be used to generate electricity

Question 34

what are the disadvantages of incineration?

Answer 34

produces greenhouse gases like CO2 releases toxic gases like SO2 (acid rain) more expensive still produces waste for landfills

Question 35

what strategies are there to control polymer waste?

Answer 35

reduction in the use of polymers reduction in the use of carrier bags dedicated polymer recycling use more biodegradable polymers

Question 36

what are proteins?

Answer 36

sequences of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds (amide linkages)

Question 37

what is the primary structure of a protein?

Answer 37

the order of the amino acids

Question 38

what is the secondary structure of a protein?

Answer 38

the folding or coiling of the chain of amino acids

Question 39

what is the tertiary structure of a protein?

Answer 39

final folding of a protein molecule

Question 40

give some of the characteristics of amino acids

Answer 40

melting point of 200 degrees soluble in water form optical isomers

Question 41

why do amino acids have such a high melting point?

Answer 41

in the solid state they form zwiterions so there are ionic bonds between the amino acids

Question 42

what are zwitterions?

Answer 42

molecules with no overall charge but have positive and negative parts of the molecule

Question 43

why are amino acids soluble in water?

Answer 43

because there are interactions between the polar water molecules and the zwitterions

Question 44

why are amino acids insoluble in non-polar substances like alkanes?

Answer 44

lack of attraction

Question 45

why can amino acids form optical isomers?

Answer 45

bc they have a chiral carbon

Question 46

in what reaction are proteins formed?

Answer 46

condensation reactions

Question 47

what are the two types of secondary structures in proteins?

Answer 47

alpha helix | beta pleated sheets

Question 48

what is an alpha helix?

Answer 48

a right handed helix

Question 49

when do proteins form alpha helices?

Answer 49

when they have small R groups

Question 50

what bonds are found in the secondary structure?

Answer 50

hydrogen bonds

Question 51

how is a beta pleated sheet formed?

Answer 51

when amino acids chains fold so they're facing each other and hydrogen bonds form between NH and CO groups

Question 52

what is the tertiary structure of the protein?

Answer 52

the final folding of the protein in 3D space

Question 53

how do the interactions form in the tertiary structure?

Answer 53

interactions between the R groups

Question 54

what interactions are found in the tertiary structure?

Answer 54

hydrogen bonding van der Waals forces ionic bonds disulfide bridges

Question 55

what is the main structure in fibrous proteins?

Answer 55

secondary

Question 56

give characteristics of fibrous proteins

Answer 56

strong resistant insoluble

Question 57

what are globular proteins?

Answer 57

spherical proteins mainly with a tertiary structure

Question 58

what are enzymes?

Answer 58

biological catalysts

Question 59

what type of protein are enzymes?

Answer 59

globular proteins

Question 60

explain the mode of action of catalysts

Answer 60

substrates are the reactants specific to the active site fits into active site and strains the bonds turns it into a product product is non-comp. so it doesnt fit the enzyme and is dissociated

Question 61

what is the active site?

Answer 61

foldings of the protein in the tertiary structure which are specific to substrates

Question 62

what is meant by the active site being stereospecific?

Answer 62

is a substrate has two stereoisomers, then only one will fit into the active site

Question 63

how do enzyme inhibitors work

Answer 63

they're of a similar shape to the active site so they bind to it instead of the substrate

Question 64

how are proteins broken down?

Answer 64

hydrolysis. boil the protein with hydrochloric acid

Question 65

how can amino acids be analysed?

Answer 65

TLC

Question 66

why can polyesters be hydrolysed?

Answer 66

the polar C=O group can be attacked by nucleophiles