Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Principles of Medicine (POM) > POM 07 - Innate immunity > Flashcards

POM 07 - Innate immunity Flashcards

(98 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what is autopoiesis

A

system capable of maintaining and reproducing itself by creating its own parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what does autopoiesis require in order to maintain a mutually satisfactory relationship with its environment?

A

a ongoing dynamic adaptation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are 2 networks important for maintaining autopoiesis

A

nervous system

immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are areas of the body that the immune system does not have access to

A

the brain (blood brain barrier)

testes

eyes (some parts of it)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

why does the human immune system distinguish between self and non self - 4 things

A

protect against infection

recover from infection and tissue damage

identify somatic changes to self (eg cancer)

maintain an adequate separation from the organism’s environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what does the immune system respond to

A

unusual/foreign shapes

familiar shapes out of context

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what do pluripotent haemopoietic stem cells give rise to

A

all blood leukocytes including RBC and WBC and platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what stem cells give rise to all blood leukocytes including RBC and WBC and platelets

A

pluripotent haemopoietic stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

where are the pluripotent haemopoietic stem cells located

A

primarily in the marrow of long bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is differentiation

A

stem cells committed to being type of cell with specific function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

where do stem cells mature when they turn into B lymphocytes

A

directly in the bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

where do stem cells mature when they turn into T lymphocytes

A

stem cell progeny migrate to the thymus where they differentiate into T lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the 5 types of phagocytic cells

A

macrophages in tissues

monocytes

eosinophils

basophils

neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are platelets

A

packets of clotting factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what differentiates into platelets

A

megakaryocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what extra phase do T lymphocytes undergo which B lymphocytes do not

A

a separate education phase which tells what cells are normal (self vs non self)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what happens in primary lymphoid organs

A

where lymphocytes are made

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are three examples of primary lymphoid organs and what lymphocytes do they produce

A

bone marrow = B lymphocytes

thymus = T lymphocytes

fetal liver = B lymphocytes and source of stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what lymphocytes are produced in bone marrow

A

B lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what lymphocytes are produced in the thymus

A

T lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what lymphocytes are produced in the fetal liver

A

stem cells and B lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are examples of secondary lymphoid organs

A

spleen
lymph nodes
tonsils
adenoids
peyer’s patches
skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what do secondary lymphoid organs do

A

filter and enrich for foreign antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what organ does lymph nodes filter and enrich for foreign antigens for

A

tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what does spleen filter and enrich for foreign antigens for
blood
26
what organ does peyers patches filter and enrich for foreign antigens for
the gut
27
lymphocytes formed in the primary organs migrate to secondary organs to do what role
to mount immune responses to foreign antigens (non-self or modified self) and can also recirculate in tissues
28
what are tertiary lymphoid organs
collections of immune cells similar to secondary lymphoid organs
29
where are tertiary lymphoid organs found and what do they do
found in non-lymphoid tissues function in surveillance and inflammation
30
at what stage is the innate immune system involved
early defenses
31
what does the innate immune system recognise
broad patterns
32
is there a difference between the first and repeated exposure reaction from the innate immune system
no
33
at what stage is the adaptive system involved
later defenses
34
what does the adaptive immune system recognise
highly specific antigens
35
is there a difference between the first and repeated exposure reaction from the adaptive immune system
secondary exposure is different and faster than primary exposure
36
what is an example of a cell involved in innate immune system
neutrophil
37
what is an example of a cell involved in adaptive immune system
T lymphocytes
38
what are the 5 things that the innate immunity comprised of
physical barriers microbicidal factors in body fluids antiviral proteins phagocytic cells NK cells
39
what are two types of microbicidal factors are in body fluids
lysozyme complement
40
what are the most important defenses located at in terms of the innate immunity being a physical barrier
nasopharynx, gut, lungs, genitourinary tract
41
what does the lysozyme do
break down cells walls of bacteria
42
what does complement do
cascade of proteins activated by bacteria component of cell wall or antibodies
43
what is an example of an antiviral
interferon
44
what is NK cells what do the letters stand for
natural killer cells
45
what are NK cells
lymphocytes in innate immunity which dont have to recognize specific antigens to function
46
47
what are 4 biophysical defenses in external surface protection
mucus cilia lining respiratory tract acid in stomach skin
48
what are 4 biochemical defenses involved in external surface protection
lysozyme in most secretions sebaceous gland secretions commensal organisms in gut and vagina spermin in semen
49
what are the two types of fluid that leaks out of capillaries into the surrounding tissues
transudate exudate
50
what is transudate and what causes it
passive exit of fluids and ions involved in heart failure hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid into the tissues
51
what is exudate and what causes it
active process in inflammation - changes in tight junctions to let through water and other particular size of proteins (eg fibrinogen)
52
what does the lymphatic system do
collects fluid that has leaked out of capillaries into surrounding tissues and returns it back to the blood stream
53
what is the structure of the lymphatic system
tree like structure of thin walled vessels into which fluid can drain from extracellular tissue spaces
54
how is fluid in the lymphatic vessels moved through
pumped through lymphatic vessels by normal muscle activity in the body
55
what structures are involved in the lymphatic vessels that directs the flow in one direction
valves
56
what do valves in the lymphatic vessels do
directs the flow in one direction
57
what type of immunity is the lymphatic system critical for
innate immunity
58
what type of lymphatic vessels drain the interstitial fluid from tissues into the lymph nodes
afferent lymph vessels
59
what do afferent lymph vessels drain interstitial fluid to and from
drain the interstitial fluid from tissues into the lymph nodes
60
what can the lymphatic fluid carry that isnt healthy
can carry material from infectious agents and from body cells damaged by the infectious process
61
what do lymph nodes do
filter material from lymphatic fluid and present it to the immune system
62
what do efferent lymphatic vessels do
drains out of the lymph nodes and into the thoracic duct and the vena cava
63
what lymphatic vessels drain out of the lymph node
efferent lymphatic vessels do
64
what can activate the complement system
components of some pathogens eg bacterial cell wall components
65
what does activating complement stimulate
stimulates inflammation and innate immunity
66
how does complement work
works as a cascade of blood proteins that activate one another
67
what is the alternative pathway of complement
pathway of complement that is activated by bacterial cell wall components
68
the pathway of complement that is activated by bacterial cell wall components is know as the ___ ____
alternative pathway
69
the pathway of complement that is activated by antibodies is know as the ___ ____
classical pathway
70
what is the classical pathway of complement
the pathway of complement that is activated by antibodies
71
what happens after the bacterial cell wall components activates the complement process via the alternative process
complement components assemble to form any enzymes enzyme activates other complements components increases vascular permeability, activates chemotaxis and opsonisation
72
what is chemotaxis
forms gradient along which molecules like macrophages neutrophils or monocytes can be attracted to sites of infection
73
what is opsonisation
coating of bacteria or another type of particle with complement protein allowing antibodies for recognition (easier recognition by immune system)
74
what are the 4 functions of neutrophils
acute inflammation phagocytosis degranulation neutrophil extracellular traps
75
what does neutrophils do in terms of acute inflammation
characterized by neutrophils - no other cell types
76
what does neutrophils do in terms of phagocytosis
ingests debris, necrotic tissue or pathogens
77
what does neutrophils do in terms of degranulation
enzymatic and non enzymatic material that can fight infection
78
what does neutrophils do in terms of neutrophil extracellular traps
matrix of DNA, proteins, carbohydrates that traps and aggregates pathogens
79
what are the 3 things that neutrophils recognise
broad molecular patterns C3b component of complement Fc regions of antibodies
80
what can monocyte macrophages differentiate into
macrophages monocyte-derived dendritic cells etc
81
what are the 5 functions of monocyte macrophages
chronic inflammation phagocytosis cytokine secretion orchestrates repair after inflammation antigen presentation during adaptive immune responses
82
what does monocyte macrophages do in terms of antigen presentation during adaptive immune responses
aggregates antigens and shows them to lymphocytes
83
what does neutrophils do in terms of cytokine secretion
signals directs immune system
84
are neutrophils or monocyte macrophages better at phagocytosis
monocyte macrophages
85
what does neutrophils do in terms of orchestrating repair after inflammation
conducts what happens next and repairs tissue and cleans up mess via phagocytosis and coordinates other cells to clean up mess then secreting factors such as growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor that form granulation tissue
86
NK cells are lymphocytes of the ___ immune system
innate
87
what is the NK cells main role
kill healthy cells that pose a threat eg virally infected cells, cancer cells or anti-body coated cells tagged via opsonisation
88
what do NK cells secrete and what does this secretion do
cytokines to enhance activity of other immune cells
89
what do NK cells do in the placenta
control immunity in placenta
90
do NK cells need to be switched on by antigen presenting cell
no
91
whether a NK cell kills a target cell depends on what balance
balance between activating and inhibitory signals
92
most normal health body cells have what receptors on their surface
MHC class 1
93
what do MHC class 1 receptors do to NK cells what does this mean for the cell they are on
inhibits them NK cell wont kill cell with HLA proteins on their surface
94
how does the innate immune system differentiate self from non self
lacks specificity of adaptive immune system involves receptors that recognizes broad classes of molecular patterns
95
give examples of receptors in the innate immune system that recognizes broad classes of molecular patterns - 3 examples
macrophage mannose receptor CD14 Toll like receptors
96
what does the macrophage mannose receptor recognise
recognises structures involving mannose sugars in cell walls
97
Receptors in the innate immune system that recognizes broad classes of molecular patterns - how quick are their reponses why is this
very rapid with no delay this is because they dont need focused amplification to recognize specific antigen
98
what do receptors in the innate immune system that recognizes broad classes of molecular patterns induce inside the cells
induce complex signaling cascades inside cells of innate immune system which include signals that then activate the adaptive immune system

Principles of Medicine (POM) (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions