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Geography > Population > Flashcards

Population Flashcards

1
Q

Define Anti- Natalist?

A

These are population policies that are used to encourage people have fewer children by offering incentives such as free education for only their first child. e.g. China

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2
Q

Define Birth Rate?

A

The number of children born alive for every 1000 people in one year

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3
Q

Define Carrying Capacity?

A

The maximum number of people who can be supported in a given area

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4
Q

Define Death Rate?

A

The number of people who die for every 1000 people in one year

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5
Q

What is a Demographer?

A

A person who studies population growth

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6
Q

Define Demographic Transition Model?

A

A model which shows population change overtime

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7
Q

What is a Dependent Population?

A

The number of people of non-working age (0-14 years and 65+ years)

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8
Q

Define Dependency Ratio?

A

The ratio between the number of people in a population of working age (15-64 years) and the number of people of non-working age (0-14 years and 65+ years)

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9
Q

Define Economically Active?

A

The number of people of working age (15-64 years).

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10
Q

Define Fertility Rate?

A

Average number of children a woman has in a country

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11
Q

What is a Low Income Country (LIC)?

A

A country where GNI is relatively low in comparison with other countries’. E.g. Uganda

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12
Q

Define Natural Increase?

A

The birth rate minus the death rate. It is normally given as a % of the total population

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13
Q

What are Newly Industrialised Countries (NICs)?

A

Countries which were recently less developed but where industrialisation has happened quickly e.g. China

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14
Q

Define Population Policies?

A

Measures take by a government to influence population size, growth, distribution or composition

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15
Q

Define Pro- Natalist?

A

These are population policies that are used to encourage people to have more children by offering incentives, such as financial payments. E.g. Singapore

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16
Q

Define Overpopulated?

A

An area which is said to have too many people for the resources available e.g. housing

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17
Q

Define Replacement Level?

A

The average number of children required to be born, per woman, to ensure than population remains stable (it is 2:1)

18
Q

Name some problems caused by rapid population growth?

A
  1. Pressure on healthcare: high death rates from illness
  2. Pressure on education: people don’t get education and skills to help country to develop
  3. Demand for food: possible famine
  4. Not enough jobs to go around
19
Q

What were the benefits of the China One Child Policy?

A
  1. An estimated 400 million births were prevented.
  2. Population control helped China to develop rapidly into world’s 2nd largest economy – growth in GDP of 8% in 2000s.
  3. Reduced pressure on education and healthcare
  4. Increased standards of living
20
Q

Name the problems faced by the UK due to an ageing population?

A
  1. An estimated 400 million births were prevented.
  2. Population control helped China to develop rapidly into world’s 2nd largest economy – growth in GDP of 8% in 2000s.
  3. Reduced pressure on education and healthcare 4. Increased standards of living
21
Q

What are the solutions to an ageing population?

A
  1. Raise the retirement age –paying tax longer/ less time getting pension. Has been raised to 67 in UK.
  2. Increase taxes for working people (unpopular!)
  3. Encourage people to contribute to personal pension to take the pressure off state pensions.
  4. Encourage part time work amongst OAPS.
22
Q

What has the UK done to address its ageing population?

A
  1. Raise retirement age to 67. By 2046 it will be 68 for everyone.
  2. Encourage immigration of young people to the UK from the UE. 80% of immigrants from new EU countries were 34 or under, increasing taxes.
  3. Encourage women to have children through tax credits, maternity benefits and childcare for 4 year olds.
  4. Encourage people to take out private pensions.
23
Q

Name some of Sweden’s pro-natal policies?

A
  1. 13 months paid paternity leave at 80% of salary
  2. Cash payment if children are born less than 30 months apart
  3. Child benefit for each child.
  4. All day childcare and schools for all
24
Q

Name some impacts felt by Poland due to out-migration to the UK?

A
  1. Polish economy was boosted by remittances – approx. $3 billion in 2006 
  2. Labour shortage in some jobs – construction etc. slowing growth of economy 
  3. Families split up.
25
Q

Name some push and pull factors behind Polish migration?

A
  1. Push – high unemployment in Poland (19%)
  2. Push - Low average wages (1/3rd of in UK)
  3. Pull – Easy of migration in EU
  4. Pull – Good exchange rate for remittances (sending money home)
26
Q

Name some impacts of Polish migration on the UK (host country)

A
  1. Boosted the UK’s economy by filling job shortages (care workers, NHS) 
  2. Increased cultural awareness – new shops selling polish goods. 
  3. Pressure on schools/ education in locations with large amounts of Poles. 
  4. Tension/ conflict over jobs. 
27
Q

Name the push and pull factors causing refugee migration to the EU?

A
  1. Push – Civil war e.g. 2 million forced from Sierra Leone in 1990s.
  2. Push – Poor quality of life
  3. Pull – Opportunity for better life
  4. Pull – International rules about seeking asylum.
28
Q

What are the impacts of refugee migration on the EU (host)?

A
  1. Pressure on services: housing, education, healthcare 
  2. Tension and conflict between immigrants and locals 
  3. Increase in workers to fill job shortages and boost economy 
  4. Increase in birth rate as many are young (balance ageing population) 
29
Q

What are the impacts on Africa (source) of migration to the EU?

A
  1. Working population declines – less workers therefore economy declines 
  2. Families separate 
30
Q

How was China’s One Child Policy enforced?

A
  1. ‘Granny programme’ – older women to snoop/ enforce rules
  2. Can only get married at age 24+
  3. Widespread sterilization after the 1st child
  4. Social/ economic benefits - 10% salary increase for those with one child, better housing, free education
31
Q

Name some problems associated with the One Child Policy?

A
  1. Families pressured by ‘Granny programme’ into abortion/ sterilisation.
  2. Female infanticide/ abortion/ abandonment – estimated 90% abortions female.
  3. Gender imbalance – 60 million more men than women.
  4. Spoilt children – ‘little emperors’; no brothers, sisters or cousins.
32
Q

Name some problems associated with the Indonesian non-birth control policy/

A
  1. Social – conflict between transmigrants and indigenous populations.
  2. Environmental – deforestation (49 million hectares) desertification, low productivity
  3. Economic – cost $7,000 per family, further contributing to debt of Indonesia
  4. Still high levels of poverty.
33
Q

List some things that would decrease the birth rate?

A
  1. Access to/ education about contraception
  2. Emancipation of women
  3. Changing farming methods
  4. Industrialisation
  5. Improved diet
  6. Improved medicine
34
Q

Describe the graph of world population growth?

A

World population has grown ‘exponentially’. It was stable for many years at about 500 million and started to increase rapidly around the time of the industrial revolution (approx. 1700/1800s). During the 20th Century it has risen from 2 to 7 billion.

35
Q

Can you draw the demographic transition model?

A
36
Q

How do you calculate the dependency ratio?

A
37
Q

Describe the shape of a population pyramid for a developing country?

A

Wide base

Concave sides

Narrow peak

38
Q

Describe the population pyramid for an ageing population?

A

Narrowing base

Wide in the middle

Wider peak

39
Q

What is a ‘birth control’ population policy?

A

These aim to reduce the birth rate. Some governments do this by having laws about how many children couples can have. Governments also help couples to plan and limit how many children they have by offering free contraception and sex education

40
Q

What is an ‘immigration control’ population policy?

A

Immigration laws aim to control immigration (people moving to a country to live there permanently).

41
Q

List some benefits of an ageing population

A
  • Elderly may fill part time or specific job vacancies
  • ‘Grey pound’ – disposable income of well off elderly people
  • Provide childcare for families
42
Q
A

Geography (21 decks)

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