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Geography > Population > Flashcards

Population Flashcards

1
Q

What does exponential rate mean?

A

Gradually getting faster and faster.

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2
Q

What is the birth rate?

A

The number of babies born per thousand people per year.

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3
Q

What is the death rate?

A

Number of deaths per thousand people per year.

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4
Q

What is natural increase?

A

When birth rate is higher than the death rate, more people born than dying, so pop rises.

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5
Q

What is natural decrease?

A

Death rate is higher than the birth rate. Population lowers.

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6
Q

What other factors effect population size?

A

Migration

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7
Q

Describe stage 1 of the DTM:

A

Birth rate high and fluctuating
Death rate high and fluctuating
Pop growth zero
Pop size low and steady

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8
Q

Describe stage 2 of the DTM?

A

Birth rate high and steady
Death rate rapidly falling
Pop growth high
Pop size rapidly increasing

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9
Q

Describe stage 3 of the DTM

A

Birth rate rapidly falling
Death rate steadily falling
Pop growth high
Pop size increasing

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10
Q

Describe stage 4 of the DTM

A

Both Birth and Death rate low and fluctuating
Pop growth zero
Pop size high and steady

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11
Q

Describe stage 5 of the DTM

A

Birth rate slowly falling
Death rate low and fluctuating
Pop growth negative
Pop size slowly falling

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12
Q

Where do poor and rich countries appear on the DTM

A

Rich - later

Poor - earlier

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13
Q

Give and example of a country for every stage of the DTM

A 
1 - Amazon Tribes 
2 - Pakistan 
3 - China 
4 - UK 
5 - Germany
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14
Q

What are some social impacts of population growth?

A

Health care and education services cannot cope with the increase and so have limited access.
Children have to work to support large families. Miss out on education.
Aren’t enough houses, leading to health problems.
Food shortages if country can’t grow enough.

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15
Q

What are some political impacts of population growth?

A

Most of the population is young, and so policies are focused solely on them. Eg education.

Fewer older people so less attention to policies i.e. Pensions.

Government has to make policies to bring down growth and control it.

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16
Q

What are some economic impacts of population growth?

A

Aren’t enough jobs. Unemployment increases.

Increased poverty as born into poorer families.

17
Q

What are two population policies that equal sustainable development?

A

Birth control programmes and immigration laws

18
Q

Describe birth control programmes

A

Aim to reduce birth rate.
Some countries have laws on the amount of children.
Governments also help couples plan amount of children through sex Ed and free contraception.

Sustainable as it reduces strain on resources for future generations, and reduces growth.

19
Q

Describe immigration laws

A

Control immigration

Governments limit number of people allowed in. And can be selective. (Don’t choose ones at child-bearing age, so less chance of them having children)

Slows pop growth.

20
Q

Describe the case study for managing pop growth

A

China one child policy 1979
Very strongly encouraged to only have one child.

Couples with only one child are given incentives like money, free education and better housing. Couples with more are fined and don’t have any benefits.

21
Q

How has the one child policy changed?

A

Rural areas are allowed a second child if the first was female and/or disabled. As more children are needed to farm.

If one parent is disabled or both are only children, are allowed 2 children, so there are enough to care for the adults.

22
Q

Describe the effectiveness of the one child policy?

A

Has prevented up to 400million births.
Fertility rate has dropped from 5.7 in 1970 to 1.8 today.

Some say leaving gaps between children was more effective.

Families want fewer children anyway as they are becoming wealthier.

23
Q

How is the one child policy a sustainable development?

A

Doesn’t use resources for future generations as population has not grown as much as it would have.

24
Q

Describe some economic impacts of an ageing population

A

Taxes need to go up because there are more pensions to pay for and more healthcare needed for older people.

Also less money for government as older do not pay taxes.

Less money spent on education and other factors as there is more demand for older services.

25
Q

Describe social impacts of an ageing population

A

Healthcare services strained due to need.

Younger generation have less leisure time as they become carers.

Have less children as they have dependant older family members. Lowers birth rate.

People have to retire later because they can’t get by on a state pension as it lowers.

26
Q

Describe some strategies to combat an ageing population

A

Encourage larger families - in U.K. Child tax credit - earning less than 50K get money incentives.

Encourage young people immigrations - increase people paying taxes and raise pensions.

Mother can have a year off without losing job. Half a year paid full.

Working family tax credits make more children affordable.

27
Q

What are some examples of push factors?

A

Unemployment
Poor living conditions
War - refugees
Natural disasters

28
Q

What are some examples of pull factors?

A

Job opportunities
Better standard of living
Economic migrants move to richer countries for jobs, higher wages, send some back to family.

29
Q

What are the positive impacts of migration on a source country?

A

Reduced demand on services e.g. Schools

Money is sent back to country by emigrants

30
Q

What are some negative impacts of migration on the source country?

A

Labour shortage - working age migrate

Skills shortage - highly educated migrate

Ageing population - older people left behind

31
Q

What are some positive impacts of migration on the receiving country?

A

Increased labour force - young people move to find work

Migrant workers pay taxes and help fund the countries services.

32
Q

What are some negative impacts of migration on the receiving country?

A

Locals and immigrants compete for jobs - causing tension

Increased demands for services, i.e. Schools and hospitals.

Some money sent back, is not used in the local economy.

33
Q

What are the problems of migration in Halifax?

A

Language barriers - sowerby bridge high school has over 17 languages spoken.

Housing problems, Pellon kings cross

High unemployment

Poor education due to language

Communities cut off and enclosed due to cultural rivalry.

34
Q

What are the solutions to the problems of migration in Halifax?

A

Calderdale college offers free English foreign language courses.

Form housing associations run by tenants. Avoids discrimination.

Cheap business rents to encourage new and local businesses to set up.

Geography (3 decks)

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