Population and environment

Question 1

What is the environmental context of population change

Answer 1

the physical geography that affects the size, distribution and growth rate of an area’s population and includes climate, soil, resources and water supply

Question 2

How is population density measured

Answer 2

population per km^2

Question 3

Define population distribution

Answer 3

describes the pattern of how a population is spread over an area

Question 4

What and when was the green revolution

Answer 4

During the 1960s when agricultural yields were maximised with new farming and seed technologies, particularly in less developed and developing countries, ensuring more reliable food supplies

Question 5

What is the current world population

Answer 5

8 billion +

Question 6

By which year is the world population projected to reach over 11 billion

Answer 6

2100

Question 7

What are the two main factors that influence the global distribution of food production

Answer 7

Physical factors(climate, soils, relief and water availability)
Human factors(economic resources and investment in technology)

Question 8

Define subsistence agriculture

Answer 8

Where food is produced to feed family or community and only excess is sold or traded, often with low output levels

Question 9

What is commercial agriculture

Answer 9

system where crops are grown or livestock raised to sell for profit, often with high output levels

Question 10

Define intensive agriculture

Answer 10

system with high yields per area of land as a result of large investments in capital or labour

Question 11

What is extensive agriculture

Answer 11

System with small inputs of capital or labour per area, leading to low yields

Question 12

What are some important soil characteristics for agricuture

Answer 12

depth
structure
mineral content
moisture retention
aeration

Question 13

Define soil degradation

Answer 13

decline in soil quality due to improper use, usually for agricultural, industrial or urban purposes

Question 14

What is the ideal temperature range for most crops

Answer 14

6-25C allowing for the highest productivity and longest growing seasons

Question 15

What is one positive effect of climate change on agriculture in some regions

Answer 15

in some regions will have longer growing seasons in higher latitudes

Question 16

What is one negative effect of climate change on agriculture

Answer 16

the increased frequency of extreme weather events like drought and floods

Question 17

How might climate change affect pest and disease prevalence in agriculture

Answer 17

Climate change might lead to increased pest and disease prevalence in agriculture due to warmer temperatures allowing pests to survive in new areas

Question 18

What is one way climate change might affect water availability for agriculture

Answer 18

climate change might affect water availability through changes in precipitation patterns and increased evaporation rates

Question 19

What are zonal soils

Answer 19

soils that form over long periods of time, typically taking 100 years for every inch of soil

Question 20

What is soil erosion

Answer 20

wearing away of fertile topsoil by wind and water

Question 21

What is waterlogging

Answer 21

when pores between soil particles fill with stagnant water

Question 22

What is salinisation

Answer 22

accumulation of salt within soil

Question 23

What is the cause of waterlogging

Answer 23

soils with few airspaces
hard pans that hinder drainage
precipitation being higher than evapotranspiration
too much irrigation

Question 24

How does waterlogging affect agriculture

Answer 24

plant roots are surrounded by water which causes them to rot

water decreases soil temperature, reducing crop growth

crops may be outcompeted with weeds that cope better in wet conditions

land is hard to plough

Question 25

What are the causes of salinisation

Answer 25

high temperatures draw water to the surface which evaporates leaving behind salts irrigation fertilisers

Question 26

How does salinisation affect agriculture

Answer 26

salt can stop crops from absorbing water some salts are toxic to plants and may reduce yield high soil salinity means water may flow from plant roots to the soil, dehydrating plants

Question 27

What is the cause of structural deterioration

Answer 27

use of heavy machinery or trampling by livestock removal of vegetation, as plant roots maintain soil structure salinisation in clay soil as clay particles clump together

Question 28

What does soil deterioration affect agriculture

Answer 28

if the soil is too compacted its difficult for plants roots to grow a loss of pore spaces in the soil means there's a reduced capacity for water, so plants dry out land is hard to plough

Question 29

What is structural deterioration in soil

Answer 29

it occurs when pore spaces are lost as the structure of the soil is squeezed or collapses

Question 30

Name one management strategy for water logging

Answer 30

avoid overwatering crops drain the soil using underground pipes change the composition of the soil e.g add sand to clay soil

Question 31

Name one management strategy for structural deterioration

Answer 31

avoid compaction by moving livestock regularly maintain vegetation cover change the structure of soil by adding sand to clay soils avoid salinisation

Question 32

Name one management strategy for salinisation

Answer 32

Drip-irrigation and soil moisture monitoring selection of deep-rooted crops to increase water retention soil flushing with water using fertilisers with low salt content

Question 33

What is food security

Answer 33

Humans ability to access a diet of sufficient quantity and quality to meet their daily health needs and lead an active life

Question 34

What two dimensions are considered when assessing food security

Answer 34

peoples physical availability of food peoples physical and economic access to food

Question 35

What regions of the world are considered most food secure

Answer 35

North america, europe, japan, oceania

Question 36

What regions face the greatest risk of food insecurity

Answer 36

sub-saharan africa, afghanistan and haiti

Question 37

What are hydroponics

Answer 37

method of growing plants without soil using mineral nutrient solutions in water

Question 38

What is GM in agriculture

Answer 38

process of altering the DNA of plants to make them more resistant to drought, pests and disease

Question 39

How can consumer education improve food security

Answer 39

By teaching consumers to cook, buy only what they need, and donate leftovers to food banks

Question 40

What are the two climatic zones i need to know

Answer 40

polar tropical monsoon

Question 41

What is polar climate like

Answer 41

long intense cold winters(-40C) snow and strong winds permanent glacial ice with a surface layer of snow permanently frozen ground

Question 42

How does the polar climate affect flora and fauna

Answer 42

limited vegetation due to short growing seasons most flora consists of mosses reindeers migrate to make temperate climate during colder periods to avoid it

Question 43

How does polar climate affect the type of farming

Answer 43

only form of arable farming in such a place is when an artificial environment is created

Question 44

What is the agricultural output like in polar climate

Answer 44

root vegetables, brassicas, gourds, strawberries, poultry and eggs reindeer

Question 45

Some key facts about polar climates

Answer 45

13.1 million people spread between 8 countries less than 4 people per square km people in arctic regions have started to grow rapidly due to improved healthcare for indigenous people

Question 46

What is the tropical monsoon climate like

Answer 46

temperatures range from 32C in summer to 18C in the winter winter droughts south-west monsoon winds bring high and intense amounts of rainfall

Question 47

How does the tropical monsoon affect flora and fauna

Answer 47

plants are adapted to cope with both wet and dry seasons flooded wetlands provide habitats for animals

Question 48

How does the tropical monsoon impact the type of farming

Answer 48

rice seedlings and grown in nurseries until summer monsoon then are brought into flooded fields weak monsoon results in crop failure increase in irrigated land

Question 49

What is the agricultural output like in tropical monsoon

Answer 49

surpluses produced enabled India to become a leading exporter of both rice and wheat due to weak monsoon season there are rising prices, fewer exports

Question 50

What are the strategies to improve food security

Answer 50

increasing food production increasing food access reducing waste

Question 51

How can we increase food production

Answer 51

agricultural expansion intensive farming-use of chemicals changing the types of food produced-producing plants that need less land or water technology-GM crops

Question 52

How can we increase food access

Answer 52

trade-importing food improving access to markets-improved transport links for farmers Aid

Question 53

How can we reduce food waste

Answer 53

Production-reduce crops lost by educating farmers on pest prevention Distribution-Improve storage and packaging to prevent food rotting Consumption-'think,eat,save' encourages consumers to waste less too good to go

Question 54

Who is funding the project in rwanda to increase food production

Answer 54

has 5 financers including USAID totalling $112.4 million

Question 55

What does the project in rwanda aim to do

Answer 55

increasing productivity and commercialisation of hillside agriculture, It has a holistic approach of land-husbandry, water-harvesting and hillside irrigation

Question 56

How many families have benefited from the rwanda project

Answer 56

22,689

Question 57

why is the rwanda a bottom up approach

Answer 57

it includes extensive community sensitisation and allows people to transform their businesses

Question 58

What are the three main aspects of the physical environment affect populations

Answer 58

climate soils resource distribution