Population change Flashcards
(24 cards)
Define fertility rate
the average number of children born to a woman over her lifetime
What does infant mortality rate mean
the number of deaths of infants under 1 year old per 1000 live births
What does replacement level mean
the fertility rate at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next
What factors lead to higher fertility rates in some countries
preference for males
discrimination against women
early marriage traditions
lack of access to contraception
Define net reproduction rate
the average number of daughters a woman would have if she survived to the end of her reproductive years
What cultural factors can lead to lower fertility rates
religious beliefs
government control policies
increased education for girls and women
When did the one child policy operate from
1979-2015
What is natural population change
the difference between birth rates and death rates in a place
Define vital rates
key statistics relating to births and deaths in a population, including the fertility rate, mortality rate and life expectancy
What impact did Kerala’s investment in girls education have on fertility rates
brought down the fertility rate in the state from over 5 to 1.8 in 2021
What is the demographic transition model
describes how, as a country develops, changes in birth and death rates subsequently affect the population
Identify two strengths of the demographic transition model
it can be easily applied to different settings
it can help demographers plan for predicted future changes
Define the dependency ratio
the ratio of dependent population (young and elderly) to the working-age population, expressed as a percentage
What is demographic dividend
The extra economic growth that occurs when the working-age population is higher than the non-working-age population. This usually happens when the population’s age structure changes
What does a population pyramid show
shows the age-sex composition of a population at a given point in time
Define economically active population
the portion of a population that is of working age (typically 15-64 years) and is earning income, paying taxes and contributing to the support of dependents
What shape does a population pyramid typically have in stage 4 of the demographic transition model
rectangular
Name the three main age-group categories used in population structurfes
young dependents(0-14)
economically active(15-64)
elderly dependents(65+)
How is dependency ratio calculated
young dependents+ old dependents/ working population
x100
Define internal migration
movement of people within a country which doesn’t affect the countries total population but does affect local population sizes
What is the difference between an asylum seeker and a refugee
An asylum seeker is someone who has fled their country and is seeking protection
A refugee is someone whose asylum application has been successful and has been granted temporary or permanent residency
Define remittances
sums of money that migrants sends back to their families or communities in their country of origin
Define brain drain
emigration of highly skilled or educated people from a country, resulting in a loss of expertise for the country of origin
What is an intervening obstacle in the context of migration
in the context of migration is a difficulty that migrants encounter when deciding to leave or while traveling, such as travel expenses, family pressure, physical barriers, or governmental policies
