population and environment consolidation mindmap Flashcards
tutor2u mindmap (90 cards)
1
Q
how many people a day are added to the globe
A
Around 80,000 a day are added to the global
population.
2
Q
fertility rate
A
The average number of children that
each woman of childbearing age will give birth to.
A fertility rate of 2, means both parents would be
replaced, and the population would be stable.
3
Q
stage one of dtm
A
High birth and death rate and low
population.
4
Q
stage 2 of dtm
A
High birth rate but the death rate is
falling, and the population is rapidly increasing.
5
Q
stage 3 of dtm
A
Birth rates and death rates
decline, and the population is growing quickly, but not as
quickly as Stage 2
6
Q
stage 4 of dtm
A
Birth rate and death rate are
low, but they fluctuate, and the population growth slows.
7
Q
stage 5 of dtm
A
The death rate overtakes the birth rate and
the population decreases.
8
Q
dependancy ratio
A
Population pyramids divide into 3 age groups: 0-14, 15-65 and
66+. The 15-65 category are the economically active.
The dependency ratio is expressed as: Dependent population / Economically active x 100.
9
Q
demographic dividend
A
The demographic dividend is a
period when the population structure of a country means that
there is low dependency. The 0-14 and the 66+ population
categories are smaller than the working age population.
10
Q
characteristics of population pyramids
A
Narrow base: Low birth rate.
Wide base: High birth rate.
Tall pyramid: High life expectancy.
Bulges: Years with a higher birth
rate.
Indents: Years of lower birth rate or
higher death rate.
11
Q
natural population change
A
Difference between birth rate and death rate.
12
Q
migration population change
A
Migration can cause a population to become larger or smaller. Immigrants move into a country and emigrants leave a country.
13
Q
net migration rate - population change
A
The difference between migrants
entering and leaving.
14
Q
is global food production and consumption uneven?
A
Globally, this is uneven. Around 828 million people were undernourished in 2023
15
Q
availability in food security
A
A reliable and consistent source of quality food available.
16
Q
stability in food security
A
The ability to access and use food resources remains stable.
17
Q
access in food security
A
Access: People have enough resources to produce or purchase food.
18
Q
utalisation in food security
A
People have the knowledge and the right sanitary
conditions to choose, prepare and distribute food in a way that
results in food nutrition for all.
19
Q
the green revolution- gains in food production
A
Enabled many developing countries to access new, high-yielding crop varieties and farming technologies.
20
Q
technology- gains in food production
A
Irrigation techniques, and fertiliser and pesticides have increased crop yields for millions of farmers, but there are environment drawbacks.
21
Q
strategies for food security
A
- Biotechnology and genetically
modified organisms - High-yield variety crops
- Hydroponics and aeroponics.
- The New Green Revolution
- Subsidies for farmers
- Food vouchers
- School meal programmes
22
Q
millenium development goals
A
Halving the
proportion of hungry people worldwide was
almost met (in 2015).
23
Q
sustainable development goals
A
Goal 2 is
‘zero hunger’ by 2030 – far from being met.
One third of all food produced worldwide is
still wasted despite global hunger
24
Q
what are dalys
A
Disability-adjusted
life years – statistical
measurement that quantifies
the burden of disease on a
population.
25
pastoral farming
The rearing of livestock.
26
arable farming
Arable: The growing of crops.
27
subsistance farming
Small-scale farming to feed own family.
28
commercial farming
The growing of crops to make a profit.
29
agribusiness definition
Large corporate organisations running
farms for huge profits.
30
extensive farming
When the size of the farm is very large in
comparison to the inputs of money and labour.
31
intensive farming
Where the farm size is small in comparison
with the large amounts of labour and inputs required.
32
total factor productivity
The ratio of outputs to
inputs – the most common measurement.
33
factors affecting productivity
Weather, animal
disease, policy interventions and the economy.
34
improving crop total factor productivity
* Grow higher yielding
crops
* Grow disease resistant
crops
* Grow drought/flood
tolerant crops
* Use technologies that
indicate when to water
and add fertiliser
35
improving livestock total factor productivity
* Breeding animals for
favourable genetic
qualities
* Using better animal
care
* Using better disease
management practices
* Using high quality
animal feed
36
temperatures effect on agriculture
* In seasonal climates, the temperature will
dictate the growing season of crops
* High temperatures can dry out the soil and
increase evaporation
* Low temperatures can freeze the soil
* In the UK the growing season needs to be around 3 months long
with fairly consistent temperatures otherwise crops may fail
37
precipitation impact on agriculture
* Low levels of rainfall can affect crops with high
water content, e.g. pumpkins, causing a
failure to grow
* Rainfall patterns are becoming more unpredictable
in semi-arid locations such as the Sahel, which can lead to
drought and famine
* A monsoon failure in south-east Asia would be
disastrous for commercial and subsistence farmers
38
wind strength and type effect on agriculture
* Tropical storms can completely destroy crops
* Wind erosion can affect soil fertility leading to desertification
39
physical factors and farming
Productive agriculture is
dependent on:
* Soils
* Climate
* Relief and aspect
As a result, different types of
agriculture are present
across the world to
try to make the most
of the land available
for food production.
40
soil quality and agriculture
* Loamy type soils are better
for growing crops as they are
aerated and retain water and
nutrients well
* The pH of the soil is important, e.g. wheat favours soil which has a pH of 5.5-7.5 –
farmers need to monitor soil pH or risk crop failure
* Some soils such as clay become
waterlogged very easily and this
can cause root rot and crop failure
41
soil erosion
When the top layer
of the soil is worn away by the
wind or rain.
42
waterlogging
When the pore spaces
between particles of soil are filled with
water rather than air.
43
structural deterioration
Agricultural
practices can breakdown the
soil through compaction by
heavy machinery and through
over-cultivation – compacted
soil can become impermeable.
44
salination
The build-up of salt in the soil,
which can be toxic for plants.
45
planting- solution to soil problems
Lines of trees or
hedgerows can reduce wind
speeds which reduces wind
erosion and evaporation, but trees take a
long time to grow, so the effectiveness of
this strategy takes years.
46
contour ploughing- solutions to soil problems
Reduces
overland flow and topsoil being
washed away by following the
contour of the land rather than
ploughing straight up and down.
But, heavy machinery is commonly used for
this method so compaction can still occur.
47
salinisation- solutions to soil problems
Soil experiencing salinisation
needs to be flushed with lots of water,
however this results in the salt entering
rivers and groundwater.
48
tropical red latosols coverage
Found in the tropical
rainforests – they are the product
of a hot, wet climate which has thick
forest and vegetation cover.
49
tropical red latosols characteristics
Appear fertile but are not (the
nutrients are in the leaf litter, not the soil), Red/brown
in colour to the iron content, permeable and wet,
lower pH (so slightly acidic)
50
tropical red latosols structure
20-30 metres deep, with no clearly defined
structure due to weathering of the soil.
51
latosols and slash and burn theory
As the soil isn’t very fertile it can be difficult to grow crops in rainforest areas.
Slash and burn: Clearing small areas of vegetation and then burning it to create
ash, which then provides nutrients for the soil to increase fertility.
It is also known as ‘shifting cultivation’ as the land is farmed for 2-3 years and then a new area is selected – this allows
both the soil and the forest to recover.
52
immigrant definition
Someone who moves into an area.
53
emigrant definiton
Someone who leaves an area.
54
economic migrant definition
A person who has
left their country of origin to seek
employment in another country. e.g. to
work in construction or the health service.
55
asylum seeker definition
A person who has fled
their country of origin and cannot return for fear of death or persecution – they apply for asylum in a different country.
56
refugee definition
A person fleeing dire
circumstances in their country of
origin, such as civil war or a natural
disaster – they may eventually
want to return to their home country.
57
undocumented migrant meaning
Someone who enters or lives
in a country without the proper authorisation or
documentation – replaces the term ‘illegal immigrant’
which is seen as dehumanising and contributes to the
demonisation of migrants.
58
examples of push factors
* Wars
* Natural disasters
* Poor medical care
* Lack of jobs
* Desertification
* Political instability
* Hard to access education
59
examples of pull factors
* Better access to schools
* Higher incomes
* Safety
* Perceived quality of life
* Informal and formal
employment opportunities
* Better housing
60
benefits of migration in the origin country
* The strain on services such as education and
healthcare is reduced
* Remittances sent home can support families
– this can be a very important part of the
economy for some less developed economies
61
benefits of migration in the destination country
* Greater diversity encourages integration and
understanding
* Job shortages can be filled, e.g. medical staff
in the NHS, agricultural labourers and
construction workers
* Spread of culture, e.g. food and music
62
issues linked with migration in the origin country
* It can lead to a skilled labour shortage, e.g.
doctors, teachers and engineers – this is
called the ‘brain drain’
* It can lead to a gender imbalance when more
men than women migrate
* Can leave behind ageing population – so
fewer people to work in agriculture, which
can affect food security
63
issues linked with migration in the destination country
* Cultural differences can lead to race tensions –
there has been a rise in hate crimes directed at
migrant communities in the UK
* Strains can be put upon services such as
education, healthcare and housing
* Diseases such as TB have risen in countries
where it has previously been eradicated – this
is thought to be due to migration
64
negative impacts of climate change on health and agriculture
* Increase of pests and insects – and therefore increase
in disease risk
* Damage to crops from extreme heat
* Forecasts become less reliable which reduces the
ability to plan
* Soil erosion will increase
* Drought and increased moisture stress in some
locations
* Increased weed growth
* Increased food and water insecurity
65
positive impacts of climate change on health and agriculture
* Increased productivity
of some crops from
warmer temperatures
* Possibility of growing
new crops
* Longer growing
seasons
* Decreased moisture
stress in some
locations
66
ozone depletion link to climate change
The ozone layer (15-30 km above the Earth) helps to protect us from harmful UV radiation from the sun –however, depletion (from CFCs)means that more UV rays reach the Earth which can have harmful impacts on human health, including a weakened immune system and risk of skin cancer and cataracts.
67
cataracts link to climate change
Cataracts are a form of eye disease where the eyes look cloudy due to the proteins in the eye lens
unravelling – light can no longer reach the retina, affecting sight.
UV light exposure can increase the risk of developing cataracts.
Increased ozone depletion will increase the risk of cataracts in
people of all ages if they spend a lot of time outside.
68
skin cancer link to climate change
Most skin cancers are caused
by exposure to the sun. The UV
light in sunlight damages the
DNA in our skin cells.
Malignant melanoma is a type of skin cancer – cases have increased dramatically since the mid
1970s.
69
risk factors for diseases caused by UV exposure
Latitude: Nearer the equator UV levels are higher.
Altitude: The higher the altitude the greater the UV
level – very exposed.
Time of day: Between 10am and 2pm UV levels are greater.
Landscape: Wide open, highly reflective surfaces such as sand and
snow have higher UV levels.
70
what will climate change do to coffee crops
Very vulnerable to climate
change – coffee growing regions
in Brazil, Indonesia, Vietnam and
Cambodia will decrease by around 50% by 2050.
71
what will climate change do to cashew nuts
Crop growing areas could
increase by 17% as temperatures
become warmer, but some areas
which already grow them (such as
India and Benin) will lose their growing
areas as their temperatures become too hot.
72
what impact does climate change have on avocado crops
Crops see a fate similar
to cashew nuts with an increase in
Mexico but a decrease in Peru.
73
how is australia effected by skin cancer
Australia: Has the highest rate of skin cancer in
the world...
* Skin cancers account for 80% of all new
cancers diagnosed each in Australia
* Two out of three Australians will be diagnosed
with a form of skin cancer by the age of 70
* Around 2000 Australians die from skin cancer
each year
74
health
Your physical, mental and social well-being
and not just the presence or absence of disease.
75
non communicable disease
Chronic disease,
not passed on from person to person
76
infectious disease
Illness caused by a
pathogenic microorganism, such as a virus, bacteria or parasite that can be spread to others
77
morbidity
The rate of disease in a population.
78
mortality
The state of being subject to death.
79
epidemiological transition meaning
countries transition from infectious diseases being the leading cause of death to more degenerative
diseases.
80
four stages of epidemiological transition
1. The age of pestilence and famine
2. The age of receding pandemics
3. The age of degenerative and man-made disease
4. The age of delayed degenerative diseases
81
HALE meanings
(Healthy Life Expectancy): The average number
of years that an individual lives in full health
82
DALYS meaning
(Disability Adjusted Life Years): The number of
healthy years lost to poor health – it is a measure of
morbidity in society.
83
prevention/treatment of malaria
The WHO suggests three main interventions:
1. Prompt treatment with anti-malarial medication
2. Use of insecticidal nets by people at risk
3. Indoor spraying with insecticide
84
anti malarial nets
Sleeping under
nets treated with insecticide is seen
as a good low-cost strategy. They have reduced transmissions by as much as 90%.
85
burning mosquito coils
Also seen as effective but not
good for air quality in the home and can lead to respiratory issues.
86
what is a malthusian viewpoint
that food production would increase arithmetically
(e.g. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10), whereas population growth will
increase geometrically (e.g. 1, 2, 4, 6, 16, 32).
Carrying capacity: He believed that there was an ‘ultimate limit’ to how much the Earth could sustain the
human population – the changes in growth rate would mean that the population would exceed the carrying capacity and there would be a catastrophe.
87
evidence supporting malthusian viewpoint
* Regular famines thar occur in countries such as Sudan
* Wars fought over food, water and energy resources
* Water scarcity
* Global pandemics, e.g. COVID-19 and the Spanish flu
pandemic following World War I
88
Boserups belief- ester boserup
She believed that necessity was the
mother of invention and that a growing population would stimulate innovation
– that a growing population would be resourceful, and that human ingenuity
would alter the carrying capacity.
89
evidence for boserups ideas
The Green Revolution in southeast Asia: High-yielding crops were planted and there was an increase in the use of chemical fertilisers. This helped to feed the rapidly growing population.
Developments in technology: E.g. the genetic modification of crops to make them resistant to pests and drought or waterlogged conditions.
90
criticisms of boserups ideas
* More intensive farming has had detrimental impacts
on the land, and this isn’t taken into consideration.
* It is difficult to prove that population pressures are the cause of agricultural changes and that more intensive farming may have happened without
the population pressure
