Population and envrionment

Question 1

Define morbidity

Answer 1

relates to illness and disease, used to describe the incidence of disease within a society

Question 2

Define mortality

Answer 2

relates to death, measured by the death rate

Question 3

Define Disease adjusted life years

Answer 3

a measure of morbidity within a society. Measures the number of years of a healthy life lost to being in poor heath/a state of disability

Question 4

What is step migration

Answer 4

due to difficulties often associated with the process of migration, many migrants instead change their location through a series of smaller movements until they reach their final destination.

Question 5

What is forced migration

Answer 5

Forced Migration: Due to natural disasters, persecution and war; or gradual deterioration of economic opportunity. It can be at local or international scales and includes refugees (called asylum seekers until they have been recognised by the country in which they are making a claim).

Question 6

What urbanisation rate does Australia have

Answer 6

89%

Question 7

What challenges does Australia face due to its environment

Answer 7

soil problems including degradation, desertification and habitat destruction

Question 8

Where is the population mostly situated in Australia

Answer 8

Outside the tropics and the semi-desert/desert interior - therefore showing signs of overpopulation

Question 9

How much is the overall precipitation predicted to drop in SW Australia by the end of the century

Answer 9

40%

Question 10

What scheme did Australia launch in 1945

Answer 10

Ten Pounds Poms scheme

Question 11

What is the ten pounds poms scheme

Answer 11

• In 1945 the Ten Pound Poms scheme was introduced, enabling British families to migrate to Australia for £10 (£441 today).

Question 12

What immigration system has been in place since the 1970s in Australia

Answer 12

a skills-based immigration policy

Question 13

What has been the aim of the Australian immigration scheme

Answer 13

It has been in place to increase Australia’s pool of skilled and professional people. Prospective immigrants must pass a points-based skills test based on employment record, educational qualifications, age, and the ability to speak English.

Question 14

What percentage of the Australian population is non-native born

Answer 14

30%

Question 15

What is the world average for non-native born in a country

Answer 15

4%

Question 16

Why has Australia’s focus on temporary migration created a vulnerability for the country

Answer 16

During to COVID-19, lots of workers returned home and due to the closed border the country was unable to replenish and fill job gaps with migrations and visas which significantly increased the dependency ration

Question 17

What has Australia recently done (2022) to help fill jobs and reduce shortages

Answer 17

it has raised the permanent migration cap for the first time in a decade

Question 18

How is Australia aiming to deter illegal migration

Answer 18

In 2001 Offshore detention centres like those in Christmas Island, Nauru, Papua New Guinea. Therefore sending thousands out of the country to poor conditions

Question 19

How many migrates have died inside the detention centres

Answer 19

19

Question 20

How did Australia harden immigration policy in 2013

Answer 20

deny resettlement visas to asylum seekers arriving by boat. Also returning the boats to where they came from by towing them

Question 21

What are the aspects of food security

Answer 21

Availability
Affordability
Utilisation (nutrition) - if not could be seen as malnutrition

Question 22

Define malnutrition

Answer 22

Malnutrition is a hidden hunger where you may be getting food such as rice but are lacking vital nutrients required for your diet to stay healthy

Question 23

What is internal Migration

Answer 23

movement of people within a nation

Question 24

What is international migration

Answer 24

involves the crossing of national borders

Question 25

What is emigration

Answer 25

movement out of a country to live elsewhere

Question 26

What is immigration

Answer 26

movement into a country to change residence

Question 27

Define an Asylum seeker

Answer 27

a person who leaves their country of residence, enters another country and applies for asylum in that country and hasnt yet been legally recognised

Question 28

Define a refugee

Answer 28

a person who has fled armed conflict or persecution and is recognised and needing international protection because it is too dangerous to return home

Question 29

Explain carrying capacity

Answer 29

the maximum number of individuals for a particular species that the environment can 'carry' or sustain.

Question 30

What was Boserups view on population growth

Answer 30

Boserup provides an alternative view to Malthus, suggesting that the solution to resource scarcity due to population growth is human innovation and technological advances in the face of challenges. She argued that humans adjust to their conditions when needed for example increased use of fertiliser

Question 31

What was the Malthusian view on population growth

Answer 31

Malthus warned that the rate of population growth would always exceed that of resources and that human populations would rely on natural 'checks' to limit growth. He noted that populations tend to increase geometrically (2, 4, 8, 16...) while food supplies grow arithmetically (2, 3, 4, 5...).

Question 32

What did checks mean in Malthusian theory

Answer 32

These checks could be positive and raise the death rate (war, disease, famine), or preventative and reduce the birth rate (abortion, birth control, prostitution, postponement of marriage and celibacy)

Question 33

Where are tropical red Latosols found

Answer 33

found under tropical rainforests

Question 34

What nutrients do tropical laterols contain

Answer 34

Relatively large iron and aluminium content

Question 35

How deep are latosols

Answer 35

20-30m deep

Question 36

How large is the o-horizon

Answer 36

thin layer - due to rapid leaching and uptake

Question 37

Where are podzol soils found

Answer 37

typical soils of coniferous and boreal forests

Question 38

What type of Ph are podzols

Answer 38

often highly acidic due to H+ ions from precipitation and pine needles

Question 39

What are the 3 types of salinisation

Answer 39

flood salinisation irrigation salinisation seeping salinisation

Question 40

What is flood salinisation

Answer 40

salty flood water covers the land

Question 41

What is irrigation salinisation

Answer 41

This is a purely man-made process, where land is irrigated by saline water (not fresh). Often done when their is no fresh water available (climate change will cause this to happen more)

Question 42

What are the two main causes of soil degradation?

Answer 42

Soil compaction Rise of water table

Question 43

What is waterlogging

Answer 43

when water is unable to drain away

Question 44

What does 1 degree Celsius rise mean for crop production

Answer 44

5-15% reduction

Question 45

How are farmers reducing erosion

Answer 45

Contour ploughing Terrace farming Machu PPicchu

Question 46

What is contour ploughing

Answer 46

where the water hits the line of crops and is slowed/stop (water break)

Question 47

How is contour ploughing beneficial

Answer 47

reduces fertiliser loss decreases surface run-off increases crop yield

Question 48

What is ozone depletion

Answer 48

Loss of ozone layer exposing earth to more dangerous radiation

Question 49

What does o-zone depletion mean

Answer 49

people are exposed to more UV-B which is linked to skin cancer and cateracts

Question 50

Define cataracts

Answer 50

Loss in transparency in the lens of the eye as proteins denature (cloudy)

Question 51

How many Australians have skin cancer by age 70

Answer 51

2/3

Question 52

What is terrace farming

Answer 52

Where steps known as terraces are built onto a slope

Question 53

What are the negatives of terrace farming

Answer 53

can lead to rainwater saturation needs lots of upkeep

Question 54

What are the positives of terrace farming

Answer 54

prevents runoff turns land into productive land

Question 55

What is a terminator gene

Answer 55

you can plant a crop then its new seeds wont germinate as their - causes the plant to be infertile - but may have other adaption that are favourable. Causes firms to have returning customers to maximise profits.

Question 56

What does the domination of the GMO market mean for farmers

Answer 56

large firms that that sell these, therefore they might profit maximise and minimise costs, not taking the public health into much consideration.

Question 57

What is GMOs

Answer 57

GMO is when you take a foreign gene and insert it into another plants DNA (a foreign organism) to add a characteristic that is desirable. They do this through CRISPR - known as technology fix

Question 58

What is GMO BT corn

Answer 58

, taken a bacteria genetic and put it into corn to cause an inbuilt pesticide, BT Maze(corn), boost the amount of feed for cattle, for people in south America

Question 59

What are hydroponics

Answer 59

plants grown with water based mineral nutrients solutions (however, requires water witch is becoming more and more scarce)