Malaria and Asthma

Question 1

How is Malaria transmitted

Answer 1

female anopheles, known as ‘night biting’ mosquitos, often bite dusk to dawn

Question 2

Where do the mosquitos breed

Answer 2

Stagnant water
Mangrove swamps
Fresh/saltwater marshes
Rice fields

Question 3

How much does Malaria cost to Africa each year

Answer 3

£12 billion

Question 4

How many people are at risk of contracting malaria

Answer 4

3 billion people, 40% of world population

Question 5

How many of the malaria cases are in sub-Saharan Africa

Answer 5

90%

Question 6

When is contraction malaria most common

Answer 6

after the rainy season when the farmers are harvesting their crops (which stop them from harvesting

Question 7

How much does the average African family spend on medical issues

Answer 7

1/4 of their income

Question 8

What human factors impact malaria

Answer 8

Poverty (income, education, accessibility)
House quality + occupancy
Level of sanitary

Question 9

How many nets have UNICEF delivered to Africa

Answer 9

22.3 million

Question 10

How many of the nets delivered by UNICEF were actually used

Answer 10

20%

Question 11

What are the issues with providing nets to Africa

Answer 11

Culturally similar to giving the mask for the flu and therefore they face cultural issues as people don’t see the need for them and see the disease as a normal part of life. This idea was from Sonia Shah

Question 12

How did the EU remove malaria

Answer 12

Build it out - 1970s
not eradicated by using nets but by improving the lived environment

Question 13

How many times is a child in Malawi likely to have malaria before they are 2

Answer 13

12*

Question 14

How much of the Nigerian population is at risk of malaria

Answer 14

97% with 39* living in highland areas

Question 15

How many malaria cases does Nigeria have a year

Answer 15

100million

Question 16

How many malaria deaths does Nigeria have a year

Answer 16

300,000

Question 17

How much of Nigeria’s population are living in poverty

Answer 17

65%

Question 18

How many countries is malaria found in

Answer 18

97

Question 19

How many deaths from malaria were there in sub-Saharan Africa in 2015

Answer 19

260,000

Question 20

What were the impacts of DTMs by the American government in the 1960s on malaria

Answer 20

Left the strongest strains of malaria in the hardest-to-reach places

Question 21

What did a WHO official describe the intervention from the US as

Answer 21

The biggest mistake in global public health

Question 22

How many ITNs were given to Sub-Saharan countries between 2013-2015

Answer 22

500 million

Question 23

How many doctors per a thousand people in Nigeria

Answer 23

0.17 with developed countries tending to have 3

Question 24

Who created an antimalarial medicine

Answer 24

Touyouyou - she created Artemisinin - she won the 2015 Nobel peace prize

Question 25

How much did global malaria cases drop by between 2000 and 2015

Answer 25

400,000

Question 26

What were the issues with the antimalarial drugs

Answer 26

Very expensive so countries in Africa could only afford small-scale. E.g. Uganda 800 GDP per capita. Also, they were developing resistance (due to large scale use)

Question 27

What are the UN sustainable development goals for malaria

Answer 27

90% reduction by 2030 and eliminating it in 35 counties

Question 28

How is climate change impacting malaria in relation to refugees

Answer 28

Climate refugees means they are away from treatment/diagnosis as well as homes with ITNs

Question 29

An example of climate change happening in Africa

Answer 29

Cyclone Idai in 2019 displaced 1.9 million people

Question 30

How much does the WHO predict deaths to increase

Answer 30

60,000 deaths a year (15% increase)

Question 31

How is climate change altering the scale the malaria acts on

Answer 31

Cause the disease to move back to Europe with warmer conditions that are favourable to the mosquitos

Question 32

How much have the BIll and Melinda Gates Foundation along with the UK government pledged to Malaria

Answer 32

$2.4 billion

Question 33

How much does the WHO estimate is needed to fight Malaria in 2020 and how much did it receive

Answer 33

$7 billion but only got $3 billion

Question 34

What has COVID meant for drug development

Answer 34

Lost 5 years of development meant the disease has increasingly mutated and is becoming an even worse threat as a result

Question 35

What is an example of how ITNs were used incorrectly

Answer 35

Used as fishing nets which caused chemicals to enter the water and kill fish

Question 36

How did mortality increase during COVID about Malaria

Answer 36

13% rise which accounts for an additional 45,000 deaths - likely due to lockdowns and the inability to access medicine and treatment

Question 37

How is deforestation risking the development of new pharmaceuticals and drugs

Answer 37

they often come from plants, ie touyouyou was from

Question 38

What is Asthma

Answer 38

it's a chronic long-term disease

Question 39

What does Asthma cause

Answer 39

Causes recurrent attacks of shortness of breath and wheezing, where the narrowing of the bronchial tubes => tightening of chest and coughing

Question 40

What are the triggers of asthma

Answer 40

The environment: Cold and damp weather Air pollutions Pollen Stressors Lifestyle: Smoking Diet genetic

Question 41

How many people have Asthma worldwide

Answer 41

300 million

Question 42

How many people die from Asthma each year

Answer 42

400,000

Question 43

In the USA how many people suffer from Asthma

Answer 43

8% - about 25 million

Question 44

What racial groups have increased the prevalence of Asthma

Answer 44

African American

Question 45

Why are African Americans more likely to have Asthma

Answer 45

often in poorer socio-economic conditions as they might live in mouldy conditions

Question 46

How many school days are lost each year due to Asthma

Answer 46

10 million

Question 47

How much does Asthma cost the USA economy each year

Answer 47

$56 billion

Question 48

What is the global prevalence of Asthma increasing each decade

Answer 48

50%

Question 49

What is the Hygiene Hypothesis

Answer 49

that cleaner ‘Western’ HIC homes is not exposing children to germs (parasites and pathogens – viruses and bacteria) diminishing immunity and increasing allergen sensitivity

Question 50

What did an ISAAC study show

Answer 50

ISAAC study – fast food intake – approx. 39% increase in severe attacks if eating 3+ servings – increasing ‘food deserts’ in many urban environments

Question 51

Why are poorer families likely to have less-ventilated homes

Answer 51

Poorer families often suffer from fuel poverty and are less likely to ventilate homes as doing so would lose heat --> increase mould spores

Question 52

How are tobacco companies increasing Asthma

Answer 52

Tobacco companies seeking new markets as Western number of smokers is decreasing

Question 53

What are ways of managing asthma

Answer 53

Corticosteroids (brown inhaler) Rescue relief (blue inhaler) – salbutamol (launched in 1969)

Question 54

How do PM2.5 particles cause Asthma

Answer 54

Some particles less than 10 micrometers in diameter can get deep into your lungs and some may even get into your bloodstream. Of these, particles less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter, also known as fine particles or PM2.5, pose the greatest risk to health.

Question 55

How much of in-patient hospital stays for asthma do African Americans account for

Answer 55

30%

Question 56

What plant did to you you develop her drug from

Answer 56

Sweet wormwood plant

Question 57

How much of the cost of managing malaria paid internationally

Answer 57

95% donar dependant

Question 58

How many people died from asthma in USA 2014

Answer 58

3651

Question 59

How much did eating 3-4 portions of fruit per week reduce asthma

Answer 59

14% reduced symptoms