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Population And The Environment Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

Population distribution

A

The pattern of where people live

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2
Q

Population density

A

The number of people living in an area, people/km^2

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3
Q

Fertility rate

A

The average number of children that are born to a woman during her lifetime

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4
Q

Exponential growth

A

When the rate of increase becomes more rapid in proportion to the size of the population

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5
Q

Food security

A

When people have enough affordable and nutritious food to eat

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6
Q

Malnutrition

A

Consuming and unsuitable amount of energy, protein and nutrients

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7
Q

Under nutrition

A

Consuming too little food, leading to weight loss

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8
Q

Depth of the food deficit

A

A measure of the difference between average food consumption and average food requirements (kilocalories per person per day)

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9
Q

Capital investment

A

Funds invested in a firm or enterprise for the purposes of furthering it’s business objectives

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10
Q

Cooperative

A

A group that works together to share costs and maximise profits

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11
Q

Agrochemicals

A

Artificial pesticides and fertilizers that are used in farming

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12
Q

Transnational corporations (TNC)

A

Large companies that operate across national boundaries

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13
Q

Cash crops

A

A crop produced to sell rather than for a farmer to consume

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14
Q

Urban and peri-urban horticulture

A

Subsistence farming that takes place on small plots of land within and around cities

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15
Q

Biotechnology

A

The science behind genetic modification

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16
Q

Alluvial soils

A

Fertile soils deposited when a river floods

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17
Q

Nomadic cultivation

A

When a farmer moves from one place to another to find water supplies and better pasture land

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18
Q

Sedentary cultivation

A

Farming that occurs in one place

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19
Q

Rainfed

A

Using water that originated from rainfall

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20
Q

Food insecurity

A

When people do not have reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food

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21
Q

Vitriculture

A

The cultivation of grapevines for wine making (Mediterranean climate)

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22
Q

Parent material

A

The rock underlying a soil

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23
Q

Topography

A

The shape of the land

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24
Q

Profile

A

A cross section of soil

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25
Soil erosion
The loss of soil from an area
26
Boreal zone
A cold region to the south of the artic
27
Temperate zone
A region with mild climate found at mid latitudes
28
Eluviation
The movement of soil material from upper to lower horizons by the downward movement of water
29
Tillage
Land used for cultivation
30
Rills
Shallow channels cut into soil by running water
31
Gullies
Deep channels cut into the soil by running water
32
Conservation cropping
The practice of minimising soil disturbance, planting crops early and retaining stubble
33
Over abstraction
Taking too much of something, such as too much water from ground water supplies
34
Saltwater intrusion
The movement of saline water into freshwater supplies
35
Aggregates
Particles that bind together
36
Aquaculture
Farming the seas
37
Aeroponics
Growing plants in air that containing a mist of water and nutrients
38
Hydrophonics
Growing plants in material other than soil, e.g pebbles or sand
39
Health
Mentally or physically free of illness or injury
40
Biological age
The age of someone's body, regardless of their chronological
41
Morbidity
How often a disease and poor health occurs in an area
42
Non communicable illnesses
Medical conditions or diseases that are not infectious or transmissible from person to person
43
Communicable diseases
Illnesses that can be passed onto others
44
Occupational
Related to someone's job
45
Mobility
The ability to move freely
46
Radiotherapy
A treatment for cancer using x-rays or similar forms of radiation
47
Chemotherapy
A treatment for cancer that uses chemicals or drugs that destroy malignant cells
48
Keyhole surgery
Operations carried out through small incisions using special fiber optic instruments
49
Natural increase
When birth rates are higher than death rates and the population grows
50
Natural decrease
When deaths are higher than births and the population gets smaller
51
Per capita
Per person
52
Demographic dividend
The economic benefit created by the population of a country
53
Economic migrant
Someone moving to find work and earn money
54
Asylum seeker
Someone applying for permission to settle in another country through fear then safety in their own
55
Refugee
Someone who has settled in another country through fear of safety in their own
56
Carrying capacity
The number of people that a religion or country can sustainability support
57
58
Intervening obstacles
Physical or human barriers that hinder the movement of migrants
59
Transit countries
Countries where migrants stop temporarily on their way from host to source country
60
Remittance payments
Money that migrants send back home to support their families
61
Dependency ratio
A measure showing the number of people who are too young to work or too old compared to the working population
62
Brain drain
The emigration of well educated or qualified people from a country
63
Net replacement rate
The number of female offspring produced by female members of the population
64
IPAT Equation
A calculation that shows how population, affluence and technology have an impact on crashing capacity
65
Primary forest
Areas of native tree species where no deforestation has taken place
66
Ocean acidification
A reduction in the level of pH level of the oceans, caused by the absorption of co2
67
Cataracts
Lense of the eye becomes opaque, resulting in worse vision
68
Cultivable land
Ground that has suitable conditions for the growing of crops and rearing of livestock
69
Marginal
Poor quality agricultural land that has unsuitable conditions for farming
70
Farming inputs
Climate Relief/topography Soils Labour Rent Transport cost Machinery cost Energy
71
Farming outputs
Crop products e.g wheat Pollution Soil erosion Waste
72
Farming processes
Ploughing Weeding Harvest
73
Different farming methods
Intensive and extensive GM and organic Subsistence and commercial Nomadic and sedentary
74
Semi arid climate
Near the equator Savanna vegetation Low rainfall 25-50cm a year Wildfires are common Irrigation is needed to grow crops
75
Mediterranean climates
Warm coastal regions between 30-45° Shrub vegetation Mild winters, hot summers 50cm of rain a year Tourism and vitriculture for wine Olives, figs and citrus
76
Zonal soils
O horizon, organic matter A horizon, high nutrients B horizon, subsoil where nutrients leach C horizon, weathers material from bedrock R horizon, bedrock
77
Ferrasoil
Jungles and rainforest Highly weathered Red or yellow due to iron oxides Low pH Clayey Rich O layer due to decomposition Well drained, poor water storage Need fertilizers
78
Podzols
3000-5000 years to form High precipitation areas Grey, brown soils Low pH Good for coniferous trees Low decomposition Low in nutrients, not sutible for farming, except forestry

Geography (19 decks)

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