Population decline

Question 1

Country

Answer 1

Russia

Question 2

Caused by 6 factors:

Answer 2

1. high death rate of 13.6 deaths per 1000, particularly due to alcohol-related deaths
2. low birth rate of 11.6 children per 1000
3. high rates of abortion - Number of abortions has decreased significantly from over 2.1 million in 2000 to 467,000 in 2023.
4. low levels of immigration - In 2023, net migration was estimated at around 300,000 people - not sufficient to maintain or grow the population.
5. High emigration - 1.3 million in 2022 (net loss in migrants overall)
6. Women seeking careers instead of starting a family

Question 3

4 Problems of population decline:

Answer 3

1. Underuse of health facilities, resulting in rising costs
2. Education cannot be sustained in all areas (particularly sparsely populated)
3. Resources not fully exploited, leading to lower GDP
4. Lack of workers may result in economic recession

Question 4

3 solutions to solve issues relating to population decline:

Answer 4

1. Pro-natal population policies, eg. financial support for parents who choose to have a second child
2. Improve economy - *Robotisation/development of tertiary sector to prevent lack of workers.
   *Create economic opportunities to draw in economic migrants to Russia
3. Investment in public health to prevent high death rate