Population Genetics

Question 1

Define probability:

Answer 1

The method for determining the likelihood of something uncertain happening.

Question 2

What is the equation for P(event)?

Answer 2

P(event) = (number of times an event occurs) / (total number of observations)

Question 3

There is a 500 head cow herd.

400 are black
50 are red
50 are white

What are the probabilities for each color to occur?

Answer 3

400/500 = 0.8 black

50/500 = 0.1 red

50/500 = 0.1 white

Question 4

Probability ranges from ___ to ___.

Answer 4

0 ; 1

Question 5

What are the two types of probability?

Answer 5

Theoretical and Experimental

Question 6

What is Theoretical Probability based on?

Answer 6

The knowledge from previous experiences or events

Question 7

What is Experimental Probability based on?

Answer 7

How frequently something (actually) happens in an experiment.

Question 8

___________ confidence level = smaller confidence range =

                                   \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ likely to be correct!

Answer 8

Higher ; more

Question 9

Define Confidence Range:

Answer 9

How much we trust the probability to be correct

Question 10

Is a high probability but low confidence range good or bad?

Answer 10

Not good. Without a high confidence range, the probability is not as dependable.

Question 11

What are the three types of (probability) events?

Answer 11

Independent
Mutually Exclusive
Joint

Question 12

What is an Independent Event?

Answer 12

The probability that one event occurs that not influenced by the occurrence of a second event.

Question 13

What is a Mutually Exclusive Event?

Answer 13

The occurrence of one event precludes the occurrence of another event.
Uses OR

Ex.: male OR female

Question 14

What is a Joint Probability Event?

Answer 14

The occurrence of one or more events happening together or in sequence.
Uses AND

Ex.: A cow having twins. One is red AND one is black

Question 15

What is z?

Answer 15

A value that corresponds to a desired confidence level

Question 16

A ____________ event will be calculated with the SUM of probabilities

Answer 16

Mutually Exclusive

Question 17

A ____________ event will be calculated with the PRODUCT of probabilities

Answer 17

Joint probability

Question 18

What is a Conditional Probability?

Answer 18

A measure of the probability of an event occurring, given that another event has already occurred.

Question 19

An example of conditional probability is in cats with the Manx phenotype. Having the phenotype is dependent on what occurrence happening or not happening?

Answer 19

Firstly, the cat cannot have the mm genotype, because this would kill it (lethal). Therefore, the cat must first survive, THEN show the Manx phenotype.

Question 20

Define Population Genetics:

Answer 20

The study of allele and genotype frequencies and what happens to them generation to generation.

Question 21

Who were the original founders of Theoretical Population Genetics?

Answer 21

Robert A. Fisher
Sewall Wright
J. B. S. Haldene

Question 22

What is genotypic frequency?

Answer 22

Relative frequency of a particular genotype for one locus in a population

Question 23

Define Allele (or gene) Frequency

Answer 23

Relative frequency of a particular allele in a population

Question 24

What is Relative Frequency?

Answer 24

Fraction or proportion of times a value occurs

Question 25

What does P mean population genetics?

Answer 25

The frequency of homozygous dominant genotypes. P = f(AA)

Question 26

What does H in population genetics mean?

Answer 26

The frequency of the heterozygous genotypes. H = f(Aa)

Question 27

What does Q in population genetics mean?

Answer 27

The frequency of homozygous recessive genotypes. Q = f(aa)

Question 28

P + H + Q = __________

Answer 28

ONE

Question 29

What does p stand for in population genetics?

Answer 29

p = f(A).

The frequency of the dominant allele.

Question 30

What does q mean in populations genetics?

Answer 30

q = f(a)

The frequency of the recessive allele.

Question 31

p + q = ________

Answer 31

ONE

Question 32

What are two ways to calculate p?

Answer 32

p = P + (1/2)H

p = 1 - q

Question 33

What are two ways to calculate q?

Answer 33

q = Q + (1/2)H

q = 1 - p

Question 34

Define fixation.

Answer 34

When a particular allele becomes the only locus in a population

Question 35

What are the five assumptions of the Hard-Weinberg Law?
(You should know this very well)

Answer 35

Large population
Random mating
No migration
No selection
No mutation

Question 36

Define mutation.

Answer 36

A permanent, heritable change in a DNA sequence

Question 37

Define migration.

Answer 37

Movement of breeding animals from one population to another

Question 38

Is the use of AI (artificial insemination) and embryo transfer considered migration?

Answer 38

YES

Question 39

What are the two mating strategies?

Answer 39

Random and Non-random

Question 40

Define random mating

Answer 40

Each breeding animal has an equal opportunity to breed

Question 41

What are the two types of non-random mating?

Answer 41

Positive assortative and negative assortative

Question 42

___________ mating is between organisms with similar phenotypes

Answer 42

Positive assortative

Question 43

Negative assortative ___________ is between organisms with __________ phenotypes

Answer 43

mating ; different