Population Genetics Flashcards

(46 cards)

1
Q

Population genetics

A

Genetic structure of a population

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2
Q

Gene pool

A

Members of a species can interbreed and produce fertile offspring, all the alleles of a population from which the next generation could be drawn

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3
Q

Hardy Weinberg principle is used to describe ____________

A

Non-evolving populations

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4
Q

Deviations from hardy Weinberg result in __________

A

Evolution

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5
Q

5 assumptions of hardy Weinberg

A
1 large population
2 no migration
3 no net mutations
4 random mating
5 no natural selection
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6
Q

The gene pool of a non revolving population remains _____________ over multiple generations

A

Constant

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7
Q

The hardy Weinberg equation

A

1.0 = p^2 + 2pq + q^2

P^2 is AA
2pq is Aa
q^2 is aa

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8
Q

Why is genetic variation important

A

Potential for change in genetic structure

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9
Q

How does genetic structure change?

A

Changes in allele frequencies and/or genotype frequencies through time

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10
Q

Mutation

A

Spontaneous change in DNA

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11
Q

Migration

A

Individuals move into population

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12
Q

Natural selection

A

Certain genotype produce more offspring

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13
Q

Genetic drift

A

Genetic change by chance alone

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14
Q

Non random mating

A

Mating combines alleles into genotypes

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15
Q

Causes of micro evolution

A

Mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, non random mating, natural selection

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16
Q

What is the only source of new alleles in a species

A

Mutation

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17
Q

Factors that cause genetic drift

A

Bottleneck event, founder event

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18
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

A drastic reduction in population, reduced genetic variation, smaller population may not be able to adapt to new selection pressures

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19
Q

Founder effect

A

Occurs when a new colony is started by a few members of the original population, reduced genetic variation, may lead to speciation

20
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

Favors intermediate over extreme phenotypes, maintains the average

21
Q

Directional selection

A

Selects for one of the extremes

22
Q

Disruptive selection

A

Selects against the mean for both extremes

23
Q

Genetic recombination

A

Source of most genetic differences between individuals in a population

24
Q

Co evolution

A

Often occurs between parasite and host and flowers and their pollinators

25
mtDNA
Often used in systematic; in enteral, no recombination, uniparental inheritance
26
Microsatellites
Tandem repeats, genotyping and population structure
27
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)
Single base pair changes
28
cpDNA
Often used in systematic; in general, no recombination, uniparental inheritance
29
Transposable elements
Mobile DNA elements dispersed throughout the genome
30
Allozymes
Variations of proteins; population structure
31
RAPDs
Short segments of arbitrary sequences: genotyping
32
RFLPs
Variants in DNA exposed by cutting with restriction enzymes; genotyping, population structure
33
AFLPs
After digest with restriction enzymes, a subset of DNA fragments are selected for PCR amplification; genotyping
34
Molecular markers
A sequence of DNA or protein that can be screened to reveal key attributes of its state or composition and thus used to reveal genetic variation
35
Four major molecular techniques are commonly applied to reveal genetic variation
Polymerase chain reaction (pcr) electrophoresis, hybridization and DNA sequencing
36
Nuclear DNA
Diploid; bilateral inherited; recombination occur; can be viewed as a huge ocean of largely nongenic DNA with some tens of thousands of genes and gene clusters scattered around like small islands
37
Chloroplast DNA
Haploid; usually maternally inherited in angiosperms and paternally inherited in gymnosperms; is packed with genes and thus resembles the streamlined configuration of its Cyanobacteria ancestral genome
38
Mitochondrial DNA
Haploid; typically maternally inherited
39
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
A procedure used to amplify a specific sequence of DNA
40
Electrophoresis
Technique for separating the components of a mixture of charged molecules in an electric field within a gel or other support
41
Sequencing
The process of determining the order of the nucleotide bases along a DNA strand
42
Codominant marker
A marker in which both alleles are expressed, thus heterozygous individuals can be distinguished from either homozygous state
43
Dominant marker
A marker shows dominant inheritance with homozygous dominant individuals indistinguishable from heterozygous individuals
44
Where are micro-satellites found
In the non-coding region
45
How can micro satellites mutate
DNA polymerase slippage, unequal crossing over
46
Stepwise mutation model
When SSRs mutate, they gain or lose only one repeat