Population - human Flashcards
(25 cards)
what is population distribution?
The pattern of where people live
what is population density?
The number of people living in an area (number of people per km2)
what is fertility rate?
The average number of children that are born to a woman during her lifetime
what are the best indicators to use to show population change?
fertility rate
birth rate
population density
death rate
life expectancy
longevity
migration rate
infant mortality rate
what is the demographic transition model?
describes the way the total population changes over time because of variation in birth and death rate in a specific area
what are the five stages of the demographic transition model?
stage one - high stationary, high fluctuating
stage two - early expanding
stage three - late expanding
stage four - low stationary, low fluctuation
stage five - decline
what are the advantages of the DTM?
very clear and simple
shows natural increase
useful for government, house building, food supplies & healthcare
can compare countries
what are the limitations of the DTM?
not fully reliable as cannot predict the future
doesn’t show migration
only based on HICs
no timescale
doesn’t include government policies (eg - one child policy in china)
what is a population pyramid?
represents the age and sex structure of a population
more rounded at the top = more developed
triangular shape = less developed
what is the dependency ratio?
Measure of the level of dependency
expressed as:
young dependants (0 - 14) + elderly dependents (65+) / economically active (15 - 64) x100
what is a demographic dividend?
The benefit a country gets when it’s working
the potential for rapid economic growth as the dependency ratio falls
what is an asylum seeker?
A person who has fled their country of origin and applied for asylum on the grounds that they cannot return to their country because of a well-founded fear of death or persecution
are called this while they wait for a decision to be made about their application
what is an economic migrant?
A person who has voluntarily left their country of origin to seek employment in another country, lawfully or unlawfully 
what is a refugee?
A person fleeing possibly due to war or natural disaster
asylum seeker who’s application has been successful
what is forced migration?
The individual or family have little choice but to move
caused by extreme push factors:
war or conflict
natural disasters
shortage of food
unemployment / low wages
ethnic and religious persecution
what is voluntary migration?
individuals or families want to move
based on factors present at both the origin and the destination:
better quality of life
employment opportunities / higher wages
better healthcare and education
what is lee‘s model of migration?
circles containing positive, negative & neutral factors
line of intervening obstacles in between
what was the European migrant crisis 2015?
push factors - Syrian war, poor country
obstacles - boats were overcrowded and makeshift
pull factors - chances of employment in UK
what are impacts of international migration?
economic - more people work & pay tax & therefore boost the economy (+)
social - families broken apart (-)
political - increase in crime rates (-)
health - reduced pressure on healthcare (+)
environmental - land destroyed to build houses (-)
what is net replacement rate?
The number of births needed to keep the population stable
what is overpopulation?
too many people in an area
puts pressure on available resources - reducing the average standard of living
what is optimum population?
A balance in between population and resources where, when they are working together, give the highest standard of living
what is under population?
too few people to use the resources efficiently for a given level of technology, reducing the average standard of living
how can food production be increased?
increasing mechanisation
increased use of fertilisers and pesticides
better irrigation
