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AP Human Geography > Population & Migration Unit 2 > Flashcards

Population & Migration Unit 2 Flashcards

(124 cards)

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1
Q

Distribution

A

Pattern of human settlement or spread of people across the Earth.

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2
Q

Has population distribution changed a lot over time?

A

No; people stay towards the aspects of the landscape that are good for them, and they will not move towards areas that are not suitable for living.

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3
Q

Population Distribution determiners : Physical Factors

A

mountains/hills, rivers/lakes, ocean access, grassland/desert, natural resources, (climate zones - close to Equator = tropics, Mid-latitudes = temperate climate, High-Latitude = less people/cold)

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4
Q

Population Distribution determiners : Human Factors

A

Religious sites, political power, established urban areas, access to transportation

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5
Q

Density

A

Measures the average number of people in an area; how crowded an area is. (People per sq. mile/km)

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6
Q

How to calculate ARITHMETIC density

A

Calculated by dividing a region’s population by its total area.
(Although, unless we have a map or know major cities, we don’t know pattern of distribution) (clustering,linear)

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7
Q

How to calculate PHYSIOLOGICAL density

A

Calculated by dividing the population by the amount of arable/farm land.
(Higher # = less arable land)

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8
Q

How to calculate AGRICULTURAL density

A

The number of farmers to the area of arable land.
(Low # = core country, industrialized, less farmers)
(High # = periphery country, less technology, more farmers, less industralized)

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9
Q

Population distribution ECONOMIC affects (Rural)

A

Businesses are less likely to invest in rural areas because less access to businesses and not as many job opportunities

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10
Q

Population distribution ECONOMIC affects (Urban)

A

Businesses are more likely to invest in urban areas because more job opportunities and more competition to get jobs.

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11
Q

Population Distribution (GOVERNMENTAL DECISIONS)

A

Rural and urban areas can feel disassociated when voting, rural areas feel like voting doesn’t contribute to national vote, politicians can alter district lines to include/disinclude certain voters

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12
Q

Population Distribution SOCIAL affects

A

Social services such as healthcare, education, childcare, people prioritize the urban areas even though these same effects are also happening in the rurla areas even if not as much

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13
Q

Environmental Implications of Population Distribution

A

Overpopulation, desertification, deforestation, water shortages, acidification, increased greenhouse gases, air pollution

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14
Q

Infrastructure and urban services of population distribution

A

Build up skyscrapers, public transportation, more people served by fewer buildings, diseases spread, congestion in public services.

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15
Q

Population Composition

A

The description of the characteristics of a group of people in terms of different factors

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16
Q

Population composition factors

A

Cultural background, ethnicity, age, sex, marital status, education, occupation, relationship to the head of the household

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17
Q

Population Pyramids

A

Tools to study population, age and gender data.

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18
Q

Sex Ratio

A

of male births divided by # of female births x100.
(Higher than 100 - more male births, lower = more female births, 100 exactly = the same)

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19
Q

Dependency Ratio

A

Number of people not working.
Number of working people divided by the working population x 100
High # means more services needed

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20
Q

Population Pyramid Growth trends

A

Wide base and tapers upward. Children at the bottom of the pyramid age, they will have children and continue the growth pattern.

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21
Q

Population Pyramid Decline trends

A

Narrow base with a wider top. Less children are being born and elderly population remains significant.

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22
Q

Baby Boom

A

Birth rate spikes, usually after war

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23
Q

Baby Bust

A

Lower birth rates after a baby boom

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24
Q

Baby Echo

A

Increase in births due to earlier boom

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25
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
Number of live births each year per 1,000 people. (# of live births/1,000 = CBR)
26
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
The average # of children that are born per woman in a country. Reflect cultural norms of women. Higher = wealthier, Lower = Poor
27
Sex Ratio
Ratio of males v. females in a region
28
Causes of changes in TFR
Industrial Revolution, increasing life expectancy (machines, not people), role of women in society, family planning.
29
Natural Increase Rate (NIR)
Population of which a population grows in a year. (Excluding migration) Positive % = increase Negative % = decrease
30
Life Expectancy
The number of years an average person will live.
31
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
The # of deaths per year for each 1,000 people (Total deaths/1,000)
32
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
The # of children who die before their first birthday
33
Increased life expectancy reasons
Mechanized production, efficient transportation, food security/preservation, public sewer systems, clean water/sanitation, vaccines, antibiotics, improved medical procedures.
34
How to measure population change
NIR = (CBR-CDR)/10 Immigrants vs. Emigrants The time needed to double a population
35
Demography
The study of statistics, such as births, deaths, and income which illustrate the changing structure of human popualtions
36
Demographic Transition
A process of change in a society's population from high crude Birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase and higher total population.
37
Demographic Transition model (DTM)
The five stages of Demography a country can go through. Dotted line = CBR Dashed line = CDR Solid line = total pop.
38
DTM Information
Each stage lasts for an intermediate amount of time, periphery countries are in the low stages. Countries cannot revert back to a previous stage.
39
Stage 1 - DTM
Low Growth/High Stationary Very high CBR & CDR Very low NIR No countries at all in this stage hunter gatherers, no technology
40
Stage 2 - DTM
High Growth/Early Expanding High CBR and NIR Rapidly declining CDR Improved medical tech jumped many countries into this stage
41
Stage 2 Population Pyramid - DTM
Wide base, skinny top High birth rate, low life expectancy Rapid pop. growth lots of babies small elderly
42
Stage 3 - DTM
Moderate Growth/Late Expanding Rapidly declining CBR Moderately declining CDR Moderate NIR CBR is greater than CDR so pop. still grows Lower CBR related to economy Europe/North America in early 1900s
43
Stage 3 Population Pyramid - DTM
Urbanizing nation Declining CBR and more slowly declining CDR Society = young, elderly increasing Narrow-ish bottom area lots of middle aged not a lot of elderly
44
Stage 4 - DTM
Very low CBR Low or increasing CDR 0 or negative NIR ZERO POP. GROWTH Typically a result of the status of women in that society.
45
Stage 4 Population Pyramid - DTM
Not lots of elderly people 85-100 Lots of 30-40 Lots of young people ages 0-40 Most largest area is 25-40
46
Stage 5 - DTM
Declining Very low CBR Increasing CDR Declining NIR Lots of low CBR means fewer women of childbearing years + for environment, - for the economy Russia and Japan here now
47
Stage 5 Population Pyramid - DTM
Decreased population entirely Decreasing birth rate Largest amount of older middle aged people
48
Epidemiology
Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that are prevalent among a population at a particular time.
49
Epidemiology Transition Model
Identifies predictable stages in disease and life expectancy that countries experience as they go through the DTM
50
Thomas Malthus thinks...
Population will grow faster than the amount of food production we have.
51
Who is Thomas Malthus
British economist who published books about the population. Work focused on the relationship between people and the Earth in the 1700s.
52
When was Malthus around?
In England around Malthus' time, the 1st Revolution Occurs. Lots of people were optimistic about technology that could improve life but he didn't.
53
Info behind Malthus' theory
Because people need food to survive AND people have a natural desire to reproduce, Malthus argued that society was on the path to massive starvation.
54
Why did Malthus thinks this?
Malthus thought that food production would grow arithmetically but the population would grow exponentially.
55
Natural Checks
Famine, disease, war
56
Problems with Malthus' theory.
Food production grew more quickly than he thought Famine did not read the scale he feared Significant control over reproduction
57
Anti-Natalist Policies
Programs to decrease the # of births
58
Pro-Natalist Policies
Programs to increase the # of births
59
Why were people Pro-Natalist?
A growing population stimulates the economy. Increases military power Incentivise older people to have more kids by paid time off.
60
Why were people Anti-natalist?
Reduced CBR with the ONE CHILD POLICY Must get a permit to have a child Man cannot marry until 22, women until 20 Fewer adult workers Imbalance in gender
61
Language is...
A system of communication through movement or speech that a group of people understand to have the same meaning.
62
Literary Tradition is...
A language that also had written communication.
63
Language Facts:
Humans can share ideas through language. Language can also create a sense of Place and be visible in the cultural landscape. 7,000 languages today.
64
Linguists
A scientist who studies language
65
Language Family
A collection of languages related through a common ancestral language that existed long before recorded human history. There are 15 language families today.
66
Institutional Language
Used in education, work, media, and government.
67
Isolated Language
Unrelated to any other language
68
Extinct Language
Once used by people and daily activities but is no longer in use.
69
Official Language
Once used by government
70
Pidgin Language
A simplified mixture of two languages that has fewer grammar rules and a small vocabulary, but is not the native language of either group.
71
Creole Language
A new combined language when 2+ separate languages mix and develop a more formal structure and vocabulary. (Step beyond Pidgin)
72
Slang
Words used informally by segments of a place's population
73
Dialect
A regional variation of a language distinguished by distinctive spelling, vocabulary, and pronunciation
74
Lingua Franca
A common language used by people who do not share the same native language.
75
Religion is...
An organized system of beliefs, ceremonies, practices, and worship that focus on the deepest of life's mysteries.
76
Religion is NOT...
the same thing as race, nationality, or ethnicity
77
Atheism is...
The belief that God does not exist
78
Agnosticism is...
The belief that the existence of God cannot be proven
79
Fundamentalism
An attempt to follow literal interpretation of a religious faith.
80
Monotheism is...
The belief in one god
81
Polytheism is...
The belief in many gods
82
Ethnic Religions
Appealing to one group of people in one place
83
Universalizing Religions
Attempting to be global and seek converts regardless of ethnic backgrounds.
84
Theocracies is...
In which a county/nation is led by religious leaders and ruled by religious laws.
85
5 Major Religions of the world...
Christianity, Hinduism, Judaism, Buddhism, Islam
86
Hinduism - Ethnic Religion
Oldest religion, Hearth - India Diffused throughout the British empire
87
Judaism - Ethnic Religion
Hearth - Eastern Mediterranean Relocation Diffusion Persecution (Roman empire, Holocaust) Nation of Israel? Talmud and the 10 commandments
88
Buddhism - Universalizing Religion
Hearth - SE Asia Siddhartha Guatama Missionaries throughout SE Asia Rapid spread on Silk Road Contagious and Relocation Diffusion Meditation and Eightfold Path
89
Islam - Universalizing Religion
Hearth - Middle East 600s AD Islamic conquests Trade ( Indian Ocean to SE Asia) Qu'ran and 5 Pillars
90
Christianity - Universalizing Religion
Hearth - Roman Empire Crusades + Age of Explorations Immigration to the US Relocation Diffusion The Bible
91
Assimilation
Involves a dominant culture absorbing another - sometimes destroying, sometimes incorporating.
92
Acculturation
Borrowing/Adopting/sharing some traits without one culture overtaking another.
93
Syncretism
Involves something NEW being created from the combination of cultural traits.
94
Multiculturation
Coexisting but still distinct cultures in the landscape; traits remain separate.
95
MIgration
A change in residence intended to be permanent
96
Ravenstein's 11 Laws of MIgration
Tend to travel within a short distance (steps) Migrants are likely to move to, or stay in, cities. Most international migrants are young males Migration is more likely when tech is increased.
97
Net Migration
The difference between the numbers of immigrants and Emigrants.
98
Mobility
All types of movement of people
99
Push Factors
Negative circumstances or events in a country of origin that could force migration.
100
Pull factors
Positive circumstances drawing migrants into a place.
101
Social Migration factors
Relating to human society or its organization, culture, language, religion, ethnicity, social norms, gender roles, status.
102
Political MIgration Factors
Relating to government, public affairs, electoral system or a territory and laws and policies, empowerment, boundaries, sovereignty, territoriality, government.
103
Economic Migration Factors
Pertains to financial value. Trade, use of resources, level of development, jobs, sectors, inputs, access to healthcare and education.
104
Environmental Migration Factors
Describes the natural world and the impact of human activity sustainability, people's impact on land, land's impact on people, natural hazards, environmental hazards.
105
Demographic Migration Factors
Relating to the structure of human populations, CBR, CDR, NIR, HDI, Fertility, gender, age, cohorts, dependency, life expectancy, migration.
106
Intervening Obstacles
Barriers that migrants may face when trying to reach their final destinations.
107
Economic Intervening Obstacles
A migrant might lack $$$ to reach a destination
108
Social Intervening obstacles
A migrant could meet someone along the route and settle down there.
109
Political Intervening Obstacles
A migrant cannot get the proper paperwork or visa necessary to enter a country.
110
Environmental Intervening obstacles
A migrant cannot make it across a body of water, desert, or mountain range.
111
Voluntary Migration
Movement made by choice
112
Forced Migration
People do not choose to relocate, but do so under a threat of violence.
113
Why did people migrate to the United States?
Industrialization = job opportunities. People seeking freedom from war, famine, persecution.
114
Chain Migration
Movement of migrants to specific communities where their relatives or friends already settled.
115
Ethnic Enclaves
Neighborhoods primarily filled with people of the same ethnic group.
116
Homestead Act of 1862
A program which the U.S. government gave land to settlers willing to stay and farm it, after 5 years the land becomes theirs.
117
Quota Act of 1921
Limited the number of immigrants by imposing quotas based on country of birth.
118
National Origins Act of 1924
Similar to the Quota Act, imposing strict controls on the number of immigrants from any specific country.
119
Xenophobia
The fear of people from another country.
120
Passport
Required to legally emigrate from a country (even for travel or vacation)
121
Visa
Required to legally immigrate to a new country.
122
Brain Drain
Losing big brained young skilled, working age people
123
Remittances
Money sent by immigrants to family and friends in the country they left.
124

AP Human Geography (6 decks)

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