Population & the Environment

Question 1

What 2 climate case studies do we study?

Answer 1

Polar tundra + tropical monsoon

Question 2

Where is the tropical monsoon climate?

Answer 2

Within tropics and sub-tropics. E.g. central and south America, south Africa

Question 3

What are the characteristics of the tropical monsoon climate?

Answer 3

Warm/humid climate with temps consistently above 18°C
Dry seasons and wet seasons know as monsoon seasons

Question 4

What are the tropical monsoon regions used for?

Answer 4

Huge opportunities for farming & better food security

Question 5

What type of farming is done in the tropical monsoon region?

Answer 5

Subsistence farming - most crops are used to support the farmers family/ little to sell. Lots of rice farming in waterlogged soils

Question 6

Threats to the tropical monsoon climate zones?

Answer 6

Climate change changing the monsoon climate regularity, creating longer or short / wetter or drier seasons

Question 7

Where is the polar tundra?

Answer 7

The polar regions

Question 8

What are the characteristics of the polar tundra climate?

Answer 8

Consistently below freezing
Very little precipitation & majority of precipitation is snow
Few animals & plants can survive harsh conditions

Question 9

Population in the polar regions?

Answer 9

13.1 million - low due to unfavorable conditions

Question 10

What type of agriculture takes place in polar tundra regions?

Answer 10

V little agriculture due to climate but majority of food comes from farming of reindeers, and ice-fishing

Question 11

Threats/changes to the polar tundra?

Answer 11

Climate change might make it easier to farm as permafrost melts

Question 12

What is food security?

Answer 12

Having access to a reliable, nutritious, and affordable food supply

Question 13

What does food security rely on?

Answer 13

Food availability, food access, food use, and food stability

Question 14

What are the strategies to improve food security continues? (3)

Answer 14

Reducing post-production losses - reduce wastage &improve trade links
Increasing food production - increase livestock & pasture productivity
Reducing growth in demand - shift to healthier diets, avoid competition in selling food

Question 15

What can affect the amount of disease in a population?

Answer 15

Topography - drainage, relief
Tectonic hazards
Climate - seasonality, sunlight, temperature, precipitation
Air quality - worlds largest environmental health threat. Accounted for 9% of all deaths in 2017
Water quality - causes 2 million deaths every year

Question 16

What is arable farming?

Answer 16

Farming of cereal and root crops

Question 17

What is pastoral farming?

Answer 17

Farming of livestock

Question 18

What is mixed farming?

Answer 18

Mix of arable and pastoral farming

Question 19

What is intensive farming?

Answer 19

High investment in labour or capita (machinery, greenhouse, etc)

Question 20

What is extensive farming?

Answer 20

Low inputs of labour or capita but involves large areas of land

Question 21

What is commerical farming?

Answer 21

Farming of a single product to maximise profits

Question 22

What is subsistence farming?

Answer 22

Production of food to feed a family or community

Question 23

What are hydroponics?

Answer 23

The science of growing plants without soil by feeding them minerals within water

Question 24

What are examples of soil problems?

Answer 24

Waterlogging of soils
Salinisation of soils

Question 25

What 2 soils types do we study?

Answer 25

Podsols and tropical red latosols

Question 26

Where are podsols found?

Answer 26

Continuous belt across North America& Eurasia

Question 27

Where are latosols found?

Answer 27

5° North and South of the equator

Question 28

How does climate affect podsols?

Answer 28

Prolonged harsh winter and cool summers limit vegetation growth & therefore litter

Question 29

How does climate benefit latosols?

Answer 29

Hot, wet, and humid conditions with no seasons promotes the perfect growing conditions

Question 30

Depth of podsols?

Answer 30

1metre

Question 31

Depth of latosols?

Answer 31

30 metres

Question 32

Vegetation in/on podsols?

Answer 32

Spruce/pine trees

Question 33

Vegetation in/on latosols?

Answer 33

Rainforest

Question 34

Uses of podsols?

Answer 34

Mainly used for sheep farming/ pastoral farming

Question 35

Uses of latosols?

Answer 35

Once trees are removed soils become poor due to high rainfall

Question 36

How do humans use podsols?

Answer 36

Breeding grounds for grouses for shooting. Generates $150million annually

Question 37

How do humans use latosols?

Answer 37

Land for ranching, cash-cropping, settlements, mineral explitation

Question 38

Define health

Answer 38

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease

Question 39

Define morbidity

Answer 39

Being ill or unhealthy with a disease or symptoms of a disease

Question 40

What are the 2 types of international health organisations?

Answer 40

Multilateral organisations NGO's

Question 41

What is the WHO's annual buget?

Answer 41

$4.4billion in 2018/19

Question 42

What is UNICEF's aim?

Answer 42

To protect children's right and allow them to reach there full potential, by ensuring they have the basic needs

Question 43

What is the epidemiological transition model? Each stage

Answer 43

A model describing how morbidity varies as a country develops Stage 1 age of infection & famine - poor sanitation causes most death Stage 2 age of receding pandemics - improved sanitation Stage 3 age of degenerative & man-made diseases - obesity, HBP Stage 4 age of delayed degenerative diseases - cancer, dementia etc Stage 5a age of inactivity & obesity - USA, Eastern Europe Stage 5b emergence of new communicable diseases - COVID-19

Question 44

What is the demographic transition model?

Answer 44

A model describing how population growth changes over time as a country develops Stage 1- high BR, high DR - slow increase in population Stage 2- high BR, DR falls dramatically - rapid pop growth Stage 3- BR falls, DR falls slowly - increase slows Stage 4- BR + DR low - population falls Stage 5- BR lower than DR

Question 45

Examples of NGO's

Answer 45

Red Cross - to reduce human suffering in conflict zones, and protect life Doctors Without Borders - provides medical assistance to victims of war & natural disasters, and will enter war zones without permission from authorities

Question 46

What are the impacts of climate change on health?

Answer 46

Thermal Stress Increased threat of vector-borne disease

Question 47

Positive impacts of climate change on agriculture

Answer 47

Higher CO2 in atmosphere could lead to increased plant growth - up to 50% increased productivity

Question 48

Negative impacts of climate change on agriculture

Answer 48

In 2010, the Russian drought left 40% less wheat being produced Hurricanes have resulted in Mexico losing 10% of cultivated land each year

Question 49

Define migration

Answer 49

Movement from one place to another

Question 50

What is the difference between immigrant and emigrant?

Answer 50

Immigrant - arriving in a new place Emigrant - leaving a place

Question 51

Challenges created by population growth

Answer 51

Economic losses - importing more food, and medicines Political conflict - over no. of refugees taken in, over resources Social disruption - pressure on healthcare + increasing house prices Environmental degradation - deforestation

Question 52

What was Malthus' view on population growth?

Answer 52

Catastrophe will occur as natural checks. There will no be enough food to support the population which will lead to a check. E.g. China in the 1970's suffered a famine killing 30 million

Question 53

Who supports Malthus' view?

Answer 53

Club of Rome New-Malthusians

Question 54

What is Boserup's view on population growth?

Answer 54

People will innovate to produce more food - e.g. fertiliser

Question 55

Who supports Boserup's view?

Answer 55

Julian Simon - the human mind is "the ultimate resource"