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Y3 Infectious diseases > Porcine GI diseases > Flashcards

Porcine GI diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Name some bacterial causes of GI disease in pigs

A
  • Lawsonia intracellularis
  • Escherichia coli
  • Clostridium spp
  • Salmonella enterica
  • Campylobacter
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2
Q

Lawsonia intracellularis causes which two diseases in pigs?

A
  • Porcine proliferative enteritis

- Haemorrhagic bowel syndrome

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3
Q

Describe porcine proliferative enteritis

A
  • Usually manifests in finisher pigs

- Ranges from acute disease with bloody diarrhoea and sudden death to chronic and sub-clinical carriage

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4
Q

How does porcine proliferative enteritis appear grossly?

A

Proliferative lesions of enterocytes lead to ‘hose pipe-like’ appearance of ileum with thickening of walls

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5
Q

Describe haemorrhagic bowel syndrome and its gross appearance

A
  • Less frequent than PPE and usually occurs without diarrhoea
  • Mainly in grower pig
  • Sudden death
  • At post mortem- thinning of ileal walls with haemorrhage leading to blood-filled intestinal content
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6
Q

How is Lawsonia intracellularis diagnosed?

A
  • Initial diagnosis based on clinical signs
  • Confirmation based on histopathology of lesions and presence of intracellular bacteria
  • PCR can be used for confirmation from Campylobacter
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7
Q

How is Lawsonia intracellularis controlled and treated?

A
  • Treatment by a range antibiotics

- Live attenuated vaccine

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8
Q

E.coli causes which 3 diseases in pigs?

A
  • Neonatal scour
  • Post-weaning diarrhoea
  • Oedema disease
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9
Q

Oedema disease mostly affects which pigs?

A

Post-weaning

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10
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of oedema disease

A
  • Result of action of Shiga-like toxin on blood vessels and endothelial cells
  • Toxin has range of effects including severe neurological problems
  • High mortality with rapid onset
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11
Q

What are the signs of oedema disease?

A
  • Unusual squeal, show signs of stupor, ataxia and anorexia
  • Toxin may lead to fluid accumulation or lesions in a range of tissues including gut (Oedemic Bowel), cardio-pulmonary system, brain etc.
  • Diarrhoea is rare (effects of the toxin tend to be more systemic)
  • Oedema of face and eyelids is a common sign-puffy or sleepy appearance
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12
Q

How is oedema disease (E.coli) diagnosed and controlled in pigs?

A
  • Culture, serotyping & ID of toxins
  • Poor management & hygiene large contributory factor-improvements can reduce risk
  • Therapeutic antimicrobials
  • Vaccines
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13
Q

Which Clostridium spp are associated with diarrhoeal disease?

A

C. perfringens

C. difficle

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14
Q

Describe clostridium perfringens and its disease in pigs

A
  • Toxin production main cause of disease-frequently ‘gassy’ diarrhoea and necrotic lesions
  • Type A mainly associated with low-grade chronic diarrhoea
  • Type C early colonisation of neonatal piglets can result in acute high mortality disease-can be confused with neonatal E. coli infections
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15
Q

Describe the infection of Clostridium novyi in pigs

A

May cause systemic infection in sows- especially outdoor-reared as likely source in soil

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16
Q

How does Clostridium novyi present grossly?

A

Migration of bacteria from gut to liver - toxins produced in liver causing necrotic or gangrene-like lesions
May result in distinct ‘Aero Chocolate’ liver

17
Q

How is Clostridium diagnosed, treated and controlled?

A
  • Ubiquity of Clostridium means no real control
  • Most diagnosis at PM -e. Gram staining of mucosal lesions
  • Antibiotic therapy for C. difficle and type A perfringens may have value
  • Therapy too late for Type C as effects irreversible once symptoms appear
  • Vaccines available (perfringens & novyi) but efficacy somewhat limited
18
Q

Describe Salmonella disease in pigs

A
  • S. Choleraesuis adapted to pigs and may cause invasive necrotic enteritis or septicaemia (typhoidal disease)
  • Rare in UK, can be zoonotic & highly invasive in humans
  • Infection can range from severe to mild inflammatory gastroenteritis or be carried asymptomatically in gut or mesenteric lymph nodes
19
Q

What are the sources of Salmonella?

A

Salmonella resilient so persists well in production environment and feeds
Transmission from carrier pigs

20
Q

How is Salmonella diagnosed?

A
  • Diagnosis from culture of faecal material on selective media
  • Serotyping
21
Q

How is Salmonella controlled and treated?

A
  • No current vaccine for pigs
  • Treatment by antimicrobials
  • Good management and hygiene reduce risk of transmission
  • Probiotic preparations may reduce transmission
22
Q

Which two spp of Campylobacter can lead to porcine enteritis?

A

C.coli

C.mucosalis

23
Q

Name 3 viral causes of GI disease in pigs

A
  • Rotavirus
  • Coronavirus &TGE Virus
  • Porcine Circovirus
24
Q

How does porcine rotavirus cause GI disease in pigs?

A
  • Virus circulates in herds-though 30% of sows excrete virus at farrowing and survives well in environment
  • Virus infects intestinal epithelial cells damaging villus tips leading to enteritis and scour in piglets
  • Can be a co-infection with E. coli
25
Q

What is the main issue with Rotavirus infections?

A

Dehydration

26
Q

How is Rotavirus treated, diagnosed and prevented?

A
  • Non-specific treatment
  • Fairly non-specific clinical signs-virus can be detected by ELISA, IFAT etc.
  • Serogroup A vaccines may be used in sows-maternal antibody and colostrum protection
  • Good management and hygiene can reduce risk
27
Q

Porcine coronavirus causes which disease?

A

Porcine epidemic diarrhoea

28
Q

Describe Porcine epidemic diarrhoea

A
  • High morbidity & mortality diarrhoea in piglets
  • Infect and damage gut epithelial cells-especially destruction of villus structure
  • No vaccine or direct therapy
29
Q

Describe the features and disease of Transmissible gastroenteritis

A
  • Rapid spread with very high mortality in piglets due to acute and productive diarrhoea
  • Can cause diarrhoea and vomiting in older sows
  • Sows can develop protective IgA mediated immunity and virus may persist well in herds
  • Survives well at low temperatures in the environment-winter outbreaks common
30
Q

How is Transmissible gastroenteritis controlled and treated?

A
  • No treatment for piglets
  • High biosecurity & closed herds reduce risk
  • Vaccines available in some countries
31
Q

Porcine Circovirus 2 is associated with which condition?

A

Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome

32
Q

Describe Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome caused by porcine circovirus 2

A
  • Occurs at 2-4 mo- disease a result of lymphocytic depletion
  • Chronic wasting, and multiple clinical signs including diarrhoea and enteritis.
  • Occasional skin lesions
33
Q

How is Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome diagnosed and treated?

A
  • Diagnosis based on clinical signs-presence of virus can be confirmed by PCR
  • No specific treatment though prevention of other infections and treatment of secondary infections helps
  • A number of vaccines available in the UK
34
Q

Name 2 protozoal causes of diarrhoea in pigs?

A

Coccidiosis- Eimeria & Isospora

Cryptosporidium

35
Q

Name 3 helminth Infections associated with diarrhoea

A
  • Ascarids-Ascaris suum
  • Strongyloides in piglets
  • Trichuris suis

Y3 Infectious diseases (19 decks)

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